论亚里士多德“完善的友爱”的伦理意蕴及价值——基于《尼各马可伦理学》的文本分析

On the Ethical Implication and Value of Aristotle’s “Perfect Friendship”——A Textual Analysis Based on Nicomachean Ethics

在《尼各马可伦理学》中,亚里士多德对友爱进行了详细而深入的阐释。其中,亚里士多德非常重视德性友爱,认为其实现了友爱的最高形式,相较于另外两种友爱具有价值优先性。因此,亚氏将其视作“完善的友爱”,并将其归结于一种伦理德性。在探究“完善的友爱”的根源后,可将其归纳为两个方面:一是真正的自爱,二是善意之心。前者与人类灵魂中的逻各斯部分相关,后者与人类最珍贵的情感相关,二者在“完善的友爱”中完成了有机统一。此外,亚氏还认为,“完善的友爱”无论对个人还是对城邦共同体都极具价值。对个人而言,“完善的友爱”是个人实现自身价值、培养和完善德性、获得福祉和实现幸福的重要方式。对城邦共同体而言,“完善的友爱”对构建理想城邦具有范式作用,是发展政治友爱的基础,也对最高公正的形成起到了促进作用。

In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle gives a detailed and in-depth explanation of friendship. Among them, Aristotle attaches great importance to virtuous friendship, believing that it realizes the highest form of friendship and has value priority compared with the other two kinds of friendship. Consequently, Aristotle regarded it as “perfect friendship” and attributed it to a kind of ethical virtue. After exploring the origin of “perfect friendship”, it can be summarized into two aspects: one is true self-love, the other is kindness. The former is related to Logos, the noblest part of the human soul, while the latter to the most precious emotion of pure good will, and the two are organically united in perfect friendship. In addition, “perfect friendship” is of great value both to individuals and to city-state community. For individuals, “perfect friendship” is an important way to realize one’s own value, cultivate and perfect virtue, obtain well-being and achieve happiness. As for city-state community, “perfect friendship” plays a model role in building an ideal city-state, is the basis for the development of political friendship, and promotes the formation of the supreme justice.