继承、超越与统一:马尔库塞爱欲解放论三维探赜

Inheritance, Transcendence, and Unification: A Three-Dimensional Exploration of Marcuse’s Theory of Erotic Liberation

马尔库塞作为西方马克思主义者,在法兰克福学派中拥有极大影响力。马尔库塞以“爱欲解放”为核心的人性论哲学,通过继承马克思劳动异化学说的理论基础,超越弗洛伊德主义精神分析学的纯粹自然化倾向;利用精神分析的方法论预设,补充马克思劳动异化学说,进而实现人性问题在自然性与社会性上的有机统一。马尔库塞融合了弗洛伊德和马克思的思想,提出爱欲就是人之本质,解放爱欲是人的解放的关键;而爱欲的解放并不等同于性欲的解放,劳动的解放是爱欲解放的关键。马尔库塞的爱欲解放论对人的本性及其存在状态的回答,认为人的本能和欲望不再受支配和压抑的时候,人即实现了真正的自由。他所创造的“弗洛伊德式的马克思主义”的人性问题阐释范式,一定程度上指明了人类寻求自由和解放的途径,但他将劳动简单化、工具化的倾向导致其理论陷入纯粹解释性作用的窠臼。

As a Western Marxist, Marcuse was extremely influential in the Frankfurt School. Marcuse’s philosophy of human nature, with “erotic liberation” as the core, transcends the purely naturalistic tendency of Freudian psychoanalysis by inheriting the theoretical basis of Marx’s theory of labor heterogeneity, and uses the methodological presuppositions of psychoanalysis to supplement Marx’s theory of labor heterogeneity, so as to realize the organic unity of human nature in nature and society. Marcuse fused the ideas of Freud and Marx, and proposed that eros is the essence of human beings, and the emancipation of eros is the key to human emancipation, and the emancipation of eros is not the same as the emancipation of sexual desire, and the emancipation of labor is the key to the emancipation of eros. Marcuse’s theory of erotic liberation answers to human nature and its state of being, arguing that when human instincts and desires are no longer dominated and repressed, man achieves true freedom. The “Freudian Marxism” paradigm of interpretation of human nature created by him pointed out the way for human beings to seek freedom and emancipation to a certain extent, but his tendency to simplify and instrumentalize labor led his theory to fall into the trap of purely explanatory role.