斯宾格勒与汤因比历史哲学的比较分析

A Comparative Analysis of Spengler and Toynbee’s Philosophy of History

斯宾格勒引发了历史学界的“哥白尼式”巨变,他将文化置于种族与国家之上,成为理解历史的核心。在他的体系里,世界历史被重新编排成几个同一时代、具有相等意义的文化体系。此举有效挑战了以欧洲为中心的传统历史哲学观念,扩展了对历史探究的视角,并为历史学的深入研究注入了新的启示,其意义不可谓不重大。而汤因比以经验论的方式对文明的发展的阶段做出了不一样的解释,对斯宾格勒思辨历史哲学的不足做了补充。他们在历史哲学的发展逻辑上形成了递进式的解构。Spengler’s Copernican style revolution in the field of history replaced nation and state with culture as the main body of history, dividing past world history into several cultures that were equivalent in meaning and contemporaneous in time. This is of great significance in breaking the chronic problem of European centrism in classical historical philosophy, expanding the scope of historical research, and is highly inspiring for deepening historical research. However, Toynbee provided a different explanation of the stages of civilization development through an experiential approach, supplementing Spengler’s speculative philosophy of history. They have formed a progressive deconstruction in the development logic of historical philosophy.