重思自然辩证法与历史辩证法在实践基础上的统一

Rethinking the Unity of Dialectics of Nature and Dialectics of History on the Basis of Practice

马克思恩格斯逝世后,有关马克思主义辩证法是“自然辩证法”还是“历史辩证法”的形态争论导致了西方马克思主义者所制造“马恩对立论”幻象的产生与流行。自第二国际正统马克思主义延续至苏联教科书体系的辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义二分体系以物质本体论为支撑,将马克思主义辩证法理解为以物质自然为载体的自然辩证法;以卢卡奇为代表的早期西方马克思主义则反对教科书体系下的辩证唯物主义“推广应用说”,主张复归到马克思主义哲学的黑格尔因素,认为马克思主义辩证法乃是关注社会历史领域的历史辩证法。西方马克思主义对教条化马克思主义的批判重新开显出马克思主义哲学主体性、革命性的维度,亦同时使“马克思反对恩格斯”“恩格斯背叛马克思”的错误争端流行开来。要真正破除“马恩对立论”的幻象,就必须明确马克思主义的辩证法乃是在人类史与自然史相统一前提下基于实践化劳动建构的感性现实辩证法。After the death of Marx and Engels, the debate over whether Marxist dialectics was a dialectics of nature or a dialectics of history led to the emergence and popularity of the illusion of Marx-Engels Antithesis created by Western Marxists. The dichotomy of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, which continued from the orthodox Marxism of the Second International to the Soviet textbook system, is supported by material ontology and understands Marxist dialectics as the natural dialectics with material nature as the carrier represented by Lukács The early Western Marxism opposed the promotion and application theory of dialectical materialism under the textbook system, advocated a return to the Hegelian elements of Marxist philosophy and believed that Marxist dialectics is a historical dialectics that focuses on the field of social history. Western Marxism’s criticism of dogmatic Marxism has reopened the subjective and revolutionary dimensions of Marxist philosophy, making the erroneous disputes of Marx against Engels and Engels betrayed Marx popular. To truly break the illusion of Marx and Engels’ Antithesis, we must clarify that Marxist dialectics is a dialectics of perceptual reality based on practical labor construction on the premise of the unity of human and natural history.