论恩格斯《反杜林论》中的暴力论思想

On the Thought of Violence in Engels’s Anti-Dühring

十九世纪七十年代,杜林从唯心主义的观点、立场和方法出发,对马克思主义进行全面攻击。对此,恩格斯撰写《反杜林论》以批判杜林的错误观点,捍卫马克思的唯物史观。本文拟就《反杜林论》第二编“政治经济学”中的“暴力论”三章进行解读。本文拟从三个部分对恩格斯《反杜林论》中的暴力论进行研究:第一,阐述恩格斯“暴力论”的写作背景,主要从历史背景和理论背景两方面进行分析。第二,阐述恩格斯暴力论的主要观点。杜林只从抽象层面谈论暴力与经济的关系。恩格斯在“暴力论”三章中,从抽象与具体、历史与现实层面出发,论述了经济在最终层面决定暴力,并从暴力对经济的依赖以及政治状况与经济发展的关系两方面进行分析。第三,重点回归到现实,阐明恩格斯的暴力论观点对于唯物史观发展的启示和现代发展的启发。在“暴力论”的文本中,恩格斯要表达的中心思想是经济即物质生产方式在最终层面决定政治暴力。理解恩格斯暴力论的主要思想,才能更进一步理解历史唯物主义。In the 1870s, Dühring launched a comprehensive attack on Marxism from the viewpoint, position and method of idealism. In response, Engels wrote Anti-Dühring to criticize Dühring’s erroneous views and defend Marx’s historical materialism. In this paper, we are going to explain the three chapters of “The Theory of Violence” in the second part of the Anti-Dühring, “Political Economy”. In Anti-Dühring, Engels uses three chapters of “The Theory of Violence” to refute Dühring’s theory of violence, which shows the importance Engels attached to the issue of violence. This paper intends to study the theory of violence in Engels’ Anti-Dühring in three parts: firstly, to explain the background of Engels’ “The Theory of Violence”, mainly from two aspects: historical background and theoretical background. Secondly, the main points of Engels’ theory of violence are explained. Dühring only talks about the relationship between violence and economy in the abstract. In the three chapters of “The Theory of Violence”, Engels discusses the economy as the ultimate determinant of violence from the abstract and concrete, historical and realistic levels, and analyzes the dependence of violence on the economy and the relationship between political conditions and economic development. Thirdly, the focus returns to reality and illustrates the inspiration of Engels’ view on violence for the development of the materialistic view of history and for modern development. In the text of “The Theory of Violence”, the central idea Engels wanted to express is that the economy, i.e. the material mode of production, determines political violence at the ultimate level. By understanding the main ideas of Engels’ theory of violence, we can further understand historical materialism.