摘要
随着煤炭开采范围向深部延伸,我国大部分深部矿井面临着“三高”问题,即高地温、高地应力和高瓦斯。其中以冲击地压为代表的矿山动力灾害具有较强的破坏性,是一种典型的地质灾害。冲击地压常伴随着煤与瓦斯突出,部分巷帮变形破坏及顶板冒落,造成瓦斯异常涌出、顶板突水、煤与瓦斯爆炸、二次冒顶等次生灾害事故的发生。因此,冲击地压的致灾机理、监测方法与治理技术亟须完善和成熟。本文从机理特征、监测方法到冲击地压防治技术方面入手,介绍了近年来冲击地压研究方面的进步成果,并以具体的工程实例为研究基础,运用相似材料模拟和RFPA2D数值模拟解释煤(岩)层开采过程中产生的微破裂是冲击地压灾害前兆,开采扰动作用下冲击地压灾害发生的主要因素,概括了冲击地压动力灾害发生的机理,深入揭示冲击地压孕育的内因和征兆规律。同时,研究了保护层开采对被保护煤层卸压作用,避免了冲击地压事故的发生,阐明在冲击地压受煤层扰动作用而产生及开采冲击倾向性弱的煤层来确保冲击倾向性煤层安全回采的治理方法。
While the scope and scale of coal mining extends to the deep coal-bearing strata. Most deep coal mines in China are encountered with “three highs”: high geo-temperature, high in-situ stress and high gas. Mine rockburst disaster is a typical geological disaster with strong destructiveness among them. Rockburst is usually accompanied by coal and gas outburst, collapse of two sides of roadways and roof caving, resulting in anomaly gas emission, roof water outburst, coal and gas explosion, secondary roof caving and other secondary disasters. Therefore, the disaster-causing mechanism characteristics, monitoring methods and treatment technologies of rockburst need to be matured. The paper has analyzed the mechanism, monitoring methods and rockburst control and prevention technology, and introduced the progressive achievements in rockburst research in recent years. On the basis of specific engineering example, employing similar material simulation and RFPA2D numerical simulation software, it is explained that micro-fracture during excavating coal (rock) is the precursor of rockburst disaster, and primary factors of rockburst disaster induced by mining disturbance and the mechanism of mine rockburst disaster are summarized. The internal cause and sign of roc burst are fully revealed. Meanwhile, the pressure relief effect of excavating protective layer on protected coal seam is studied, which avoids the occurrence of rockburst accidents. The treatment methods of rockburst affected by mining disturbance and excavating coal seam without outburst tendency liability to protect coal seam with outburst tendency are illustrated.
