人类情绪偏向及实验证据综述

A Review of Emotional Bias and Experimental Evidence

趋利避害是生物的本能,是生物不断向高级进化的保证。避害使得个体的生命得到延续,趋利使得生物习得更强的生存技能,进而保证了物种的延续,其中的佼佼者才得以在循环往复的优胜劣汰之中生存下来,使得物种不断向高级进化。人类情绪的负性偏向与正性偏向,都是生存适应的产物,在不同的刺激情境之下表现出不同的偏向。情绪的负性偏向是指,个体对高唤醒度情绪信息的加工存在一种“负性偏向”,即负性情绪刺激通常能更快的吸引个体的注意,并优先得到心理加工。当外在刺激具有低唤醒水平的特征时,人脑不再继续表现出对负性刺激的加工偏向;而对正性刺激表现出更大的敏感性与加工偏向,这就是情绪的正性偏向。这表明,高唤醒度刺激出现时,防御机制比欲求机制更活跃,有利于帮助机体在紧急时规避危险;在非紧急情况下,机体保持欲求动机,以进行探索行为和追求目标,满足自身需要。

Seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages are the instinct of living things, and they are the guarantee of living things’ continuous evolution to higher levels. Avoiding harm makes the life of the individual continue, and pursuing profit makes the organism acquire stronger survival skills, thus ensuring the continuation of the species. Only the best among them can survive in the cycle of survival of the fittest, making the species continuously evolve to the higher level. The negative bias and positive bias of human emotion are the products of survival and adaptation. Emotional negativity bias refers to the fact that individuals have a “negative bias” in the processing of emotional information with a high degree of arousal, that is, negative emotional stimulus can usually attract the attention of individuals more quickly and get psychological processing first. When the external stimulus has the characteristic of low arousal level, the brain no longer continues to show the processing bias to the negative stimulus. And to the positive stimulus the bigger sensitivity and the processing deviation are showed, which is the emotion positive bias. This shows that the defensive motivational system is more active than the appetitive motivational system in the presence of high arousal stimulus, which is conducive to helping the body avoid danger in an emergency. In non-emergency situations, the body maintains the desire motive, in order to carry on the exploration behavior and pursue the goal, satisfying own need.