老年人锻炼动机、锻炼行为及健康水平研究——以天津地区老年女性为例

Study on Exercise Motivation, Exercise Behavior and Health Level of the Elderly—A Case Study of Elderly Women in Tianjin

本研究在天津市南开区华盈超市、南翠屏公园、水上公园和天津市静海区(郊县)新都超市、新都文化广场随机抽取老年人为研究对象,采用锻炼动机、锻炼主观体验、身体自我等指标评估老年人锻炼行为及健康水平。研究结果:1) 不同区域的老年人在锻炼动机上存在差异;锻炼中的积极幸福感促进老年人锻炼行为,心理烦恼、疲劳阻碍老年人锻炼行为;2) 婚姻状态对锻炼动机、锻炼行为及锻炼主观体验均有影响;3) 市区老年人被试身体自我各项评估均高于郊区老年人被试;婚姻状态影响老年人被试的身体自我评估水平;4) 市区老年人被试在生理健康(身体状况、生活能力、身体活动)、心理健康(正性情绪、认知功能)、社会健康(社会适应、社会接触、社会支持)及健康水平上高于郊区老年人被试;老年人婚姻状态对健康水平存在显著影响;5) 研究结果还显示,老年人的婚姻状态对老年人锻炼行为、积极幸福感、身体自我及健康水平的维护具有重要促进作用;6) 老年人身体自我、锻炼行为对健康水平具有较强的预测作用。身体自我对健康水平具有较高的直接效应,同时身体自我在锻炼行为、健康水平之间具有中介效应。

In this study, the elderly were randomly selected from Huaying Supermarket, Nancuiping Park, Water Park, Xindu Supermarket and Xindu Culture Square in Tianjin Jinghai District (suburban county). The elderly’s exercise behavior and health level were evaluated by using indicators such as exercise motivation, subjective experience of exercise and physical self. The results showed that: 1) There were differences in exercise motivation among the elderly in different regions;the positive happiness in exercise promotes the exercise behavior of the elderly, while the psychological troubles and fatigue hinder the exercise behavior of the elderly. 2) Marital status had influence on exercise motivation, exercise behavior and exercise subjective experience. 3) The physical self-assessment of urban elderly subjects was higher than that of suburban elderly subjects;the marital status affects the physical self-assessment level of the elderly subjects. 4) The physical health (physical condition, living ability, physical activity), mental health (positive emotion, cognitive function), social health (social adjustment, social contact, social support) and health level of the urban elderly were higher than those of the suburban elderly. The marital status of the elderly has significant influence on the health level. 5) The results also showed that the marital status of the elderly had an important role in promoting the exercise behavior, positive happiness, physical self and health maintenance of the elderly. 6) The physical self and exercise behavior of the elderly have a strong predictive effect on health level. The body self has a high direct effect on the health level, and the body self has a mediating effect between the exercise behavior and the health level.