对射击项目认知能力研究的回顾与前瞻

Review and Prospect of Research on Cognitive Ability of Shooting Events

认知能力是指人脑接受信息、加工处理、进而支配行为的能力,从狩猎行为发展而来的射击项目与认知能力密不可分。本文综述了射击的认知能力国内外相关研究,从外部因素看,执行功能、注意、门控等认知能力可以排除观众和环境等无关信息的干扰,从内部因素看,认知能力有助于赛前和赛中的情绪调控。认知能力对射击过程的影响有其神经基础,在射击准备阶段和静息态中,专业射击员与射击新手的EEG特征均有不同,中枢神经的差异可以用来预测运动员的射击水平。认知能力可以被非侵入性脑刺激如经颅直流电刺激所干预,这种干预可以提高有经验或无经验的射击运动员的射击成绩,这种成绩的提高可能与各频段的脑电变化有关。目前针对射击的认知能力已经有一定的研究基础以及在选材、训练指导方面的应用,然而射击的核心认知能力仍缺乏系统性的研究。

Cognitive ability refers to the ability of human brain to receive information, process and then dominate behavior. Shooting events developed from hunting behavior are inseparable from cognitive ability. This paper summarizes the relevant research on shooting cognitive ability at home and abroad. From the perspective of external factors, cognitive abilities such as executive function, attention and gating can eliminate the interference of irrelevant information such as audience and environment. From the perspective of internal factors, cognitive ability is conducive to emotional regulation before and during the game. The influence of cognitive ability on the shooting process has its neural basis. In the shooting preparation stage and resting state, the EEG characteristics of professional shooters and novices are different. The difference of central nerve can be used to predict the shooting level of athletes. Cognitive ability can be interfered by non-invasive brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation. This intervention can improve the shooting performance of experienced or inexperienced shooters, which may be related to the changes of EEG in each frequency band. At present, there has been a certain research basis for the cognitive ability of shooting and its application in material selection and training guidance. However, the core cognitive ability of shooting is still lack of systematic research.