汉纳•鄂兰公共领域之言说行动意涵

Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Speech-Act Implication in Public Realm

汉纳•鄂兰以“行动的生命”界定人之境况三样式——劳动、制造、行动。其中“行动”是唯一无须中介,直接和他人产生互动,并且和多元性对应的活动;也是个人启动新事务的天赋能力。行动演示的空间在公共领域,行动者如同演员,必须以言说来揭示“我是谁”,同时“言说使人成为政治性的存在”。此思维其实反映鄂兰将亚里士多德献身城邦政治事务的行为视为美德,更是实践。公共领域是鄂兰高度原创性的概念,但此一空间并非无条件的存在,需要仰赖人以行动去建构。事实上,鄂兰并没有设定“言说行动”的术语,然而,文章捕捉鄂兰赋予行动与言说重任,乃试图撷取其论著扣连“行动”所延展并界定的显著概念,诸如公共性、自由、权力、思考等,进而建构其公共领域的“言说行动”意涵。

Hannah Arendt distinguishes three different types of activity based on Vita Active that comprise labor, work, and action. Among them, “action” is the only activity that takes place directly with others without intermediary, and corresponds to the human condition of plurality. Action also means the innate ability of individuals to start new things. The space where action display is public realm, actors in the realm are like the actors who must speak to reveal “who I am”, and at the same time, “speech is what makes man a political being”. This thinking actually reflects Arendt regards Aristotle’s “the life devoted to the matters of the polis” as the virtue, and even more the praxis. One of Arendt’s most original conceptions is the idea of public realm. Public realm does not exist naturally;they need to be artificially created by actors. Actually, Arendt does not set the term—“speech act”;however, the researcher captures the heavy responsibility of action and speech which Arendt empowers. The researcher therefore attempts to extract the significant concepts linking to “action” from the Arendt’s readings, such as publicity, freedom, power, and thinking, etc. so as to construct the underlying meaning of “speech act” in the public realm formulated by Hannah Arendt.