法定解除权规则体系下的合同目的不能实现——以《民法典》第563条第1款为视角

The Purpose of the Contract under the Statutory Right of Termination Rule System Cannot Be Achieved—From the Perspective of Article 563, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code

《民法典》第563条第1款规定了四种情形:“不可抗力”、“预期违约”、“催告后仍未履行”、“给付迟延和其他违约行为”。以上四种情形都会使合同履行产生障碍,但是只有达到合同目的不能实现的情况下,非违约方才可以适用解除权从合同中解脱出来。非违约方的解除权是在不能实现合同目的时,合同法规定的解决机制。合同目的不能实现本身是一个抽象的概念,学者们尝试运用概念归纳法和历史解释法定义其内涵,但都有一定的缺陷。定义合同目的不能实现,首先要研究法定解除权的体系定位,明确法定解除权的目的和功能的规定,在此前提下将合同目的不能实现置于整个合同编的规则体系下理解。

Article 563, paragraph 1, of the Civil Code stipulates four situations: “force majeure”, “anticipated breach of contract”, “not fulfilled after a reminder”, “delayed payment and other breaches of contract”. The above four situations will create obstacles to the performance of the contract, but only when the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, the non-defaulting party can apply the right of rescission to be released from the contract. The right of termination of the non-defaulting party is the settlement mechanism provided by the contract law when the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved. The inability to achieve the purpose of a contract is an abstract concept in itself. Scholars try to use conceptual induction and historical interpretation to define its connotation, but they all have certain flaws. To define that the purpose of a contract cannot be achieved, we must first study the system positioning of the statutory rescission right, clarify the purpose and function of the statutory rescission right, and under this premise, the inability of the contract’s purpose can be understood under the rule system of the entire contract.