N-Back训练任务及其对行为和大脑的影响

The N-Back Training Task and Its Effects on Behavior and the Brain

工作记忆是指在以目标为导向的活动中所涉及的一个多方面的、有限资源的认知系统,现有研究已经验证了通过训练可以增强工作记忆背后的神经网络,提高神经活动效率,从而可能产生对各种认知和功能领域的改善。本文首先介绍了当前工作记忆训练领域应用较多的n-back训练范式,从流体智力、注意和执行功能三个方面梳理了n-back训练对行为的影响,从神经结构和神经元活动两方面归纳了n-back训练对大脑的影响,并总结了训练的中长期持续效果,最后对未来的改进方向进行有益展望。

Working memory refers to a multifaceted, limited-resource cognitive system involved in goal- oriented activities. Existing studies have verified that n-back training can enhance the neural network behind working memory and improve the efficiency of neural activities, which could result in improvements in various cognitive functions. This review first introduces the widely-used n-back training paradigm, sorts out the influence of n-back training on behavior from three aspects of fluid intelligence, attention and executive function, summarizes the influence of n-back training on brain from two aspects of brain structure and neural activity, and summarizes the medium and long-term sustained effects of training. Finally, the future improvement direction is prospected.