平衡家庭与工作:德国公共托育政策分析及启示

Balancing Family and Work: An Analysis of German Public Childcare Policy and Its Implications

0~3岁婴幼儿托育服务是提高家庭生育意愿,积极应对人口老龄化问题,促进女性劳动参与的重要举措。在我国随着女性就业的增加,满足家庭的托育需求、弥补家庭能力的不足,已经成为迫切发展的需要。因此,婴幼儿托育服务从家庭化转向公共化。德国采用双薪型家庭政策,鼓励父母兼顾工作与家庭,通过公共服务、经济支持、时间支持三方面的政策支持家庭照护婴幼儿。针对我国托育服务存在的问题,从构建普惠性公共托育服务体系;建立托育服务配套的人才培养体系;落实产假政策、灵活安排工作时间;以生育保险为基础、健全生育保障制度;保证家庭照护津贴的科学合理性五个视角出发,提出促进家庭和工作平衡,支持女性就业的幼有所育的高质量托育政策。

Childcare services for infants and young children aged 0~3 are important measures to increase family fertility willingness, actively respond to population aging issues, and promote female labor participation. With the increasing employment of women in our country, meeting the childcare needs of families and making up for the lack of family capacity has become an urgent need for development. Therefore, childcare services for infants and young children have shifted from family oriented to public oriented. Germany adopts a dual pay family policy, encouraging parents to balance work and family, and supporting family care for infants and young children through policies in public services, financial support, and time support. In response to the problems in China’s childcare services, we need to establish a universal public childcare service system, establish a talent training system supporting childcare services, implement maternity leave policies and flexibly arrange work hours;Based on maternity insurance, we improve the maternity security system;Starting from five perspectives of ensuring the scientific rationality of family care allowances, we propose high-quality childcare policies that promote family and work balance and support women’s employment and childcare.