贿赂犯罪不完全对向性的补足:并重惩治

The Incomplete Complement of the Crime of Bribery to Orientation: Equal Punishment

我国立法及司法对贿赂犯罪的处理,素来受到“重受贿,轻行贿”传统观念的影响,对行贿犯罪与受贿犯罪的立法存在构成要件、量刑设置、罪名设置、追诉时效等方面的不对向,使得司法实践产生行贿方主观不对向、受贿方客观不对向,同案处罚不平衡、不合理等司法困境。《刑法修正案(十二) (草案)》对行贿罪量刑的修订实际上是对“行贿受贿并重惩治”刑事政策的重申。落实党中央“坚持受贿行贿一起查”重要决策部署是司法机关的思维模式向“行贿受贿并重惩治”转变的重要前提,将行贿、受贿之于贿赂犯罪处理置于同样重要的环节及位置,处以轻重相称的量刑标准是“行贿受贿并重惩治”的应有之意。要合理解决贿赂犯罪不完全对向性所产生的司法困境,还需要慎重审视“行贿受贿并重惩治”刑事政策实现的现有障碍,着重表现为行贿犯罪“谋取不正当利益”要件的存废问题,并善用“囚徒困境”理论,解决并重惩治协调性问题。

China’s legislative and judicial treatment of bribery crime has always been affected by the traditional concept of “heavy bribery, light bribery”. The legislative composition of bribery crime and bribery crime, sentencing setting, charge setting, time for prosecution and other aspects of misalignment have led to the subjective misalignment of the bribe-giver and objective misalignment of the bribe-taker in judicial practice, judicial difficulties such as unbalance and irrationality of punishment in the same case. The amendment to the Criminal Law (12) (Draft) on the sentencing of bribery crime is actually a reiteration of the criminal policy of “giving bribes and taking bribes together”, and the implementation of the CPC Central Committee’s important decision-making deployment of “insisting on taking bribes together with investigating” is an important prerequisite for the transformation of the thinking mode of judicial organs to “giving bribes and taking bribes together with punishing”. Both of them emphasize that bribery and bribery should be placed in the same important position and link in the process of punishing bribery crime, and the conviction standards and sentencing measures should be adopted for both of them. In order to reasonably solve the judicial dilemma caused by the incomplete orientation of bribery crime, it is also necessary to carefully examine the existing obstacles to the realization of the criminal policy of “equal punishment for bribery and bribery”, remove the subjective elements of “seeking illegitimate benefits” of bribery crime, and make good use of the theory of “prisoner’s dilemma” to solve the coordination problem of equal punishment.