以理性消解不确定性——经典信任理念及其探问

Eliminating Uncertainty through Rationality—Classic Trust Theories and Their Inquiry

种种风险和不确定性制约着正常的人际交往与秩序。马克思、韦伯、涂尔干、齐美尔、布尔迪厄、科尔曼、帕特南、福山、卢曼、吉登斯等经典学家从不同角度阐释了信任的基本理念。比如,韦伯首先赋予信任以理性质色,它不仅涵有期待要素,也意味着来自社会的担保或者缘于行动者自身的心理保障。涂尔干重在发掘社会规范的道德意义。结构主义视角关注社会互动之于信任的作用,以及如何通过互动消减社会复杂。社会资本视角阐述了信任如何改善社会运转的效率。马克思等经典学家指明了信任的秩序意义。期待、风险、保障、秩序这四个环节构成信任的内涵机制,而理性是贯穿其中的核心要素。源于这一机制,社会不确定性得以缓解或清除。现代信任危机的本质源于信任机制的失调。

Risks and uncertainty pose largely adverse influence on personal communication and social order. From different viewpoints, Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel, Bourdieu, Coleman, Putnam, Fukuyama, Luhmann, Giddens, and other sociologists, interpreted the foundation of trust theory. Weber originally endowed trust a rational character, which not only contains an expectation element but also a social guarantee or the psychological belief of an individual. Durkheim explored the moral significance of social norms. From a structuralist perspective, attention is paid to the role of social interactions in fostering trust and how interactions can reduce social complexity. The social capital viewpoint elucidates how trust can enhance the efficiency of societal operations. Classic scholars, such as Marx, have highlighted the order significance of trust. The connotation mechanism of trust comprises four elements: expectation, risk, security, and order, with rationality serving as the core element interlinking them. By virtue of this mechanism, societal uncertainties can be alleviated or eradicated. The essence of the modern crisis of trust stems from a dysfunction in the mechanism of trust.