适宜元谋热区栽培的葡萄品种及关键栽培技术

Grape Varieties and Key Cultivation Techniques Suitable for Cultivation in Thermal Area

元谋位于滇中北部金沙江畔,这里高温干旱,地面水份年蒸发量是年降雨量的6.4倍,年均霜期只有2天,日照充足,素有“天然温室”之称,是全国著名的早熟优质商品鲜食葡萄产区,若早、中、晚熟品种搭配栽培,并配套避雨、大棚等设施和二次结果、延迟栽培、促早栽培等技术措施,这里的鲜食葡萄几乎可以周年上市,其中以11月上旬至次年5月中旬期间成熟上市的单价最高。1970~2022年,元谋先后从全国各地引种试验过近300个鲜食葡萄品种,其中2001年底以前即引种试验过105个品种。但这里的气候和土壤对葡萄品种非常挑剔,能规模化商品生产的品种很少。目前较大面积栽培的只有无核白鸡心、红地球、夏黑、阳光玫瑰和希姆劳特等5个品种,火焰无核、茉莉香、摩尔多瓦、户太8号、新郁、红艳无核、深红无籽、葡之梦、甜蜜蓝宝石等栽培面积很小。2011~2022年间,元谋热区又引进了200余个鲜食品种(系)试验种植,表现好的也只有“光辉”“东11-1”“东30-1”“东方指”“深红无籽”“浪漫红颜”等几个。本文把元谋热区30多年的引种试验结果、育种成效和栽培经验与大家一起分享。

Yuanmou is located by the Jinsha River in central and northern Yunnan Province. It is hot and arid. The annual evaporation of ground water is 6.4 times of the annual rainfall, and the annual frost period is only 2 days. It is full of sunshine, known as the “natural greenhouse”, is the country’s famous fresh table grape of early ripening and quality production area, if early, middle, late ripening varieties were combined cultivation, with supporting the facilities of rain shelter, greenhouses and technical measures of secondary fruit, delayed cultivation, early cultivation, the table grapes here are almost available every day, and the unit price is the highest when they are ripe and listed from early November to mid-May of the following year. From 1970 to 2022, Yuanmou introduced and tested nearly 300 fresh grape varieties from all over the country, of which 105 varieties were introduced and tested before the end of 2001. But the climate and soil here are very critical of grape varieties, and there are few varieties that can be produced on a large scale. At present, only five varieties, such as seedless white chicken heart, red earth, summer black, sunshine rose and Simlaut, are cultivated in a large area, while the cultivation areas of flame seedless, jasmine, Moldova, Hutai No. 8, Xinyu, Hongyan seedless, crimson seedless, Portuguese dream and sweet sapphire are very small. From 2011 to 2022, more than 200 fresh food varieties (strains) were introduced into Yuanmou Hot Zone, and only a few of them performed well, such as Guanghui, Dong 11-1, Dong 30-1, Dongfang Zhi, crimson seedless and romantic beauty. In this paper, the introduction test results, breeding results and cultivation experience of Yuanmou hot area for more than 30 years are shared with you.