明代提刑按察司的司法及监察职能

The Judicial and Supervisory Functions of the Surveillance Commission in Ming Dynasty

明代于各省置都、布、按三司,提刑按察司作为地方最高司法监察机构,掌一省刑名、按劾之事。其职能主要来源于《诸司职掌》《宪纲事类》以及《大明会典》等三部明代非常重要的行政性立法。明代提刑按察司的职能非常广泛,其中最为核心的是司法及监察。司法职能中又主要包括司法解释权以及徒流死罪案的复审权、上诉案件的受审权、会同三法司审录权等司法审判权;监察职能中包括对衙门文卷的监察、对官员素养的监察以及对司法活动的监察等。提刑按察司的设置一方面体现了皇帝对地方的控制(监察),另一方面也体现了明代的恤刑精神(司法),对澄清地方吏治,保障司法公正起到了重要的作用。

Ming Dynasty set Regional Military Commission, Provincial Admin-istration Commission and the Surveillance Commission in the provinces, as the local highest judicial supervision organization. The Surveillance Commission hands the judicial and supervisory. Its func-tions are mainly derived from three important administrative legislations in Ming Dynasty, such as Zhu Si Zhi Zhang, Xian Gang Shi Lei and Da Ming Hui Dian. In Ming Dynasty, the functions of the de-partment were very extensive, among which the core was judicature and supervision. The judicial functions mainly include the power of judicial interpretation, the power of review of crimes of acci-dental death, the power of trial of appeal cases, the power of trial and recording with the three judi-cial departments, etc. The supervision function includes the supervision of the yamen documents, the supervision of the officials’ accomplishment and the supervision of judicial activities. On the one hand, it reflected the emperor’s local control (supervision). On the other hand, it also reflected the pities punishment spirit of the Ming Dynasty (justice), which played an important role in clarifying local bureaucracy and ensuring judicial justice.