情景预防视角下独居遇害案防治措施研究

Research on Prevention and Control Measures in Criminal Cases of Living Alone from the Perspective of Situational Prevention

当前,中国独居人口数量不断攀升,独居遇害恶性案件频发,现有的此类犯罪防控措施主要依赖独居者,增加了独居者的生活负担,犯罪防治效果亦较差。以中国裁判文书网判决书及新闻报道案件为例,总结归纳出此类犯罪的基本特征,呈现出犯罪人文化程度低、夜间作案率高、陌生人作案占比大的特征,相较于司法预防及社会预防存在诸多局限,情景预防更具针对性、可操作性和灵活性,本文以情景预防理论为指导,从增加犯罪成本角度出发,增加犯罪难度、加大犯罪风险,提出国家机构、社区及个人三个层面的防治措施,包括建立严格完善的社区管理制度、加强个人防范意识、丰富个人防范手段、建立社区与国家机关联防联控机制等方面,以期取得控制犯罪的正效应,营造良好的独居生活环境。

At present, the number of people living alone in China is constantly rising. Criminal cases of people living alone are frequent and vicious. The existing crime prevention and control measures mainly rely on the person who lives alone, which increases the living burden of the group, and the crime prevention effect is not very well. Taking the cases of judgments on the website of China Judgment Documents and news reports as examples, we summarize the basic characteristics of such crimes, and found that the crimes presented the characteristics of low educational level of criminals, high crime rate at night, and large proportion of crimes committed by strangers. Compared with judicial prevention and social prevention, situational prevention is more targeted, operable and flexible. Based on situational crime prevention, this paper proposes prevention measures at three levels of national institutions, communities and individuals from the perspective of increasing crime costs, increasing the difficulty of crime and increasing the risk of crime. The specific approach is to establish a strict and perfect community management system, strengthen individual prevention awareness, enrich individual prevention means, and establish a joint prevention and control mechanism between communities and state organs. The goal is to achieve the positive effect of crime control and create a good solitary living environment.