《海警法》第21条的规范内涵及其国际法依据分析

Analysis of the Normative Connotation and International Law Basis of Article 21 of “Coast Guard Law”

《中华人民共和国海警法》(以下简称“海警法”)第21条规定了海警机构有对外国军用船舶和用于非商业目的的外国政府船舶采取一系列维权执法措施的权利,引发外界对该规范是否与当下国际法规则不符的担忧。《海警法》第21条从规范属性看是授权规范而不是当为规范;从权利来源看,需要在理论上拆解出国内法管辖权和主权者采取自助行为的权利;从行为性质看,该条所规定的措施中不仅包括行政执法措施,还有安全保卫措施。在上述规范内涵的基础上考虑《海警法》第21条项下安全保卫措施的国际法依据:该条的安全保卫措施因不具有管辖权性质而与船舶豁免权不冲突;该条的安全保卫措施符合反措施的定义和要求,从而获得了国际法上的合法性。

Article 21 of the “Coast Guard Law of the People’s Republic of China” (hereinafter referred to as the “Coast Guard Law”) stipulates that maritime police agencies have the right to take a series of actions of rights protection and law enforcement against foreign military ships and foreign government ships used for non-commercial purposes, which may raise concerns about whether this regulation is inconsistent with current international law rules. From the normative attribute of Article 21 of the “Coast Guard Law”, it is an authorized norm rather than a deemed norm. From the perspective of the source of rights, it is necessary to theoretically dismantle the jurisdiction of domestic law and the right of sovereign individuals to take self-help actions. From the perspective of the nature of the behavior, the actions stipulated in this article include not only actions of administrative law enforcement but also actions of maritime security. On the basis of the above normative connotations, the international legal basis for actions of maritime security under Article 21 of the “Coast Guard Law” is considered: the actions of maritime security under this Article do not have jurisdictional nature and do not conflict with ship immunity. The actions of maritime security of this article comply with the definition and requirements of countermeasures, therefore it has the legitimacy of international law.