从数据确权到数据共享:数据权利研究范式的转变

From Data Rights Confirmation to Data Sharing: A Paradigm Shift in Data Rights Research

在数字时代,数据与人们的生产生活相伴而生。一方面,人们的日常生活无时无刻都在产生数据,而另一方面,一些平台利用收集而来的数据更好地服务于人们的生产生活。数据,已经成为数字经济时代的一种新型资源。而数据权属的界定是数据合理利用的关键。当前法学界在数据权属问题的研究上,经过了物权法路径、知识产权法路径,对数据所有权的研究较多,而对数据使用权的研究较少,因此难以针对“数据”这一新生事物和具有时代特色的法律对象进行实质性的创新。当前,通过在私法上赋予个人或企业以某种“数据权利”来确定数据归属是目前法学界的常规做法,但囿于传统工商业时代确立的私法框架,无法应对大数据时代复杂的法律关系的挑战,这一进程具有固有的缺陷。进而,有学者提出强调数据的利用和流通,以数据的共享为中心,建立在控制与监管的基础之上构建数据监管体系,以数据共享为中心,研究数据权利体系,实现对数据的治理,实现数据价值。

In the digital age, data is accompanied by people’s production and life. On the one hand, People’s Daily life generates data all the time, while on the other hand, some platforms use the collected data to better serve people’s production and life. Data has become a new resource in the era of digital economy. The definition of data ownership is the key to the rational use of data. In the current research of data ownership in the law field, through the path of property law and intellectual property law, there are more studies on data ownership, but fewer studies on the right to use data. Therefore, it is difficult to carry out substantive innovation for “data”, a new thing and a legal object with the characteristics of the times. According to the analysis, it is a routine practice in the legal field to determine the ownership of data by granting individuals or enterprises some “data rights” in private law. However, limited by the private law framework established in the traditional industrial and commercial era, it cannot cope with the challenge of complex legal relations in the era of big data, and this process has inherent defects. Furthermore, some scholars proposed to emphasize the utilization and circulation of data, take data sharing as the center, build a data supervision system based on control and supervision, take data sharing as the center, study the data rights system, and realize the governance of data and the value of data.