论照片推荐行为对网络服务提供者注意义务的影响

The Impact of Photo Recommendation on Internet Service Providers’ Duty of Care

“侵权事实明显”是所有网络服务提供者承担较高注意义务的前提,考察侵权事实是否明显需要结合案情具体分析。当被控侵权内容为可能构成摄影作品的照片时,摄影作品的创造性门槛、创造性程度及是否具有水印等权利标记会从“侵权事实是否存在”及“侵权事实的明显程度”这两方面影响推荐照片的网络服务提供者的注意义务范围。在侵权事实不明显的情况下,不能仅凭推荐照片的行为就推定网络服务提供者“应知”侵权事实存在,而应利用通知规则来确定网络服务提供者的主观状态。

“The fact of infringement is obvious” is the premise for all internet service providers to bear a higher duty of care. To examine whether the fact of infringement is obvious requires specific analysis based on the circumstances of the case. When the content accused of infringement is a photo that may constitute a photographic work, the creative threshold, degree of creativity, and whether it has rights marks such as watermarks will affect the scope of the photo internet service provider’s duty of care from two aspects: “whether the infringement fact exists” and “the degree of obviousness of the infringement fact”. When the fact of infringement is not obvious, it cannot be presumed that the internet service provider “should have known” the existence of the infringement simply based on the act of recommending photos. Instead, notice and takedown rule should be used to determine the subjective status of the internet service provider.