死后继承与推定生前赠与法律关系认定边界之探讨

An Exploration of the Boundary of the Recognition of the Legal Relationship between Postmortem Inheritance and Presumptive Inter Vivos Gifts

本文探讨了继承法律关系中的特殊问题,当缺乏明确的赠与合同或遗嘱时,如何合理推定被继承人是否存在生前将财产赠与他人的意思表示。从生前赠与行为的复杂性出发,特别就“在当事人过世且缺乏直接证据的情况下,如何确定赠与的构成要件和被继承人的真实意愿”这一问题进行深入探讨。在继承案件处理过程中,应当结合案件事实和法律关系,从民事法律行为本身、事实本身、当事人分配财产的惯用逻辑以及基于父母子女关系的期待可能性角度分别分析,进行多角度论证。如果生前的财产转移基于明确的赠与关系,则继承人无权对此提出分割诉求。相反,如果财产流转基于保管或委托关系,则属于遗产范畴。因此,自然人生前处置的个人财产未必全然作为遗产进行继承分配,而是要严格审查该财产处置行为是否为自然人的真实意思表示。This discussion focuses on the special problems in the legal relationship of inheritance, in particular how to reasonably presume the existence of the decedent’s intention to gift property to another person in the absence of an explicit gift contract or will. From the complexity of inter vivos gifts, the issue of “how to determine the constituent elements of a gift and the true will of the decedent when the person concerned is dead and there is a lack of direct evidence of a clearly expressed gift” is explored in depth. In the process of handling inheritance cases, the facts and legal relationships of the case should be combined to analyze and argue from multiple perspectives, from the perspective of the civil legal act itself, the facts themselves, the customary logic of the parties to the distribution of property, and the possibility of anticipation based on the relationship between parents and children. If the transfer of property during life is based on a clear gift relationship, the heirs are not entitled to make a claim for division in this regard. On the contrary, if the transfer of property is based on the relationship of custody or entrustment on behalf of others, it belongs to the category of inheritance. Therefore, the personal property disposed of by a natural person during his/her lifetime may not be distributed as an inheritance, but should be strictly examined to see whether the act of disposing of the property during his/her lifetime is the true expression of his/her intention at that time.