“职业闭店人”现象的法律审视与治理策略研究

Study on the Legal Examination and Governance Strategy of the Phenomenon of “Professional Store Closers”

近年来,在餐饮、健身、美容美发、教育培训等领域,预付式消费越发流行。但预付式消费乱象频出,甚至出现了专门以恶意帮助商家“闭店”为获利方式的“职业闭店人”。他们的目标客户大多是以预付式消费为主要营收来源的经营者,其目的是最大限度地让经营者占有消费款。“职业闭店人”现象的存在,严重损害了消费者利益,扰乱市场经济秩序。其中,预付式消费的潜在风险、企业法定代表人变更的形式审查风险、消费者举证困难以及刑事追究力度不足构成了“职业闭店人”现象治理的现实困境。为此,通过明确预付式消费模式下“职业闭店人”民事责任、建立资金监管及信息审查制度、合理划分举证责任以及从刑事犯罪的角度进行打击,以期对“职业闭店人”现象进行有效治理。In recent years, prepaid consumption has become more and more popular in the fields of catering, fitness, beauty salons, education and training. However, prepaid consumption disorder occurs frequently, and there are even “professional store closers” who specialize in malicious ways to help businesses “close stores” for profit. Most of their target customers are operators with prepaid consumption as the main source of revenue, and their purpose is to maximize the ownership of consumption funds by operators. The existence of the phenomenon of “professional store closers” seriously damages the interests of consumers and disturbs the order of the market economy. Among them, the potential risk of prepaid consumption, the risk of the form review of the change of enterprise legal representative, and the risk of the liability of pan-economic dispute treatment constitute the realistic dilemma of the management of the phenomenon of “professional shutters”. To this end, by clarifying the civil liability of “professional store closers” under the prepayment consumption mode, establishing the fund supervision and information review system, reasonably dividing the burden of proof and cracking down on the criminal crime, the phenomenon of “professional store closers” can be effectively managed.