硝胺类炸药激光点火研究进展

Research Progress of Laser Ignition of Nitro-Amine Explosives

激光点火技术相较于传统点火方式有更好的安全性、可控性和高效性,被广泛运用于各类高精尖武器系统中。对高能硝胺炸药的激光点火进行研究具有实际意义。从点火机理、点火模型以及掺杂光敏材料三个方面对近三十年来硝胺炸药激光点火研究的进展进行分析,总结出:硝胺炸药的激光解离经由最弱键N-NO2键断裂、发生开环反应,解离成小的碎片或中性粒子后发生次级反应;硝胺炸药与激光束之间的作用存在强吸收波长和弱吸收波长,遵循朗伯–比尔定律,弱吸收波长激光更易引起炸药晶体缺陷处的热点形成;影响激光点火效应的因素主要有炸药的组成和晶体缺陷及粒径、激光波长及激光功率密度、激光点火环境因素等;在建立激光点火数学模型时必须考虑整个燃烧区的瞬态发展,包括气相和凝聚相;掺杂光敏材料如炭黑、金属纳米颗粒、碳纳米管等可以降低硝胺炸药激光点火阈值和点火延迟时间。

As a modern initiation mode of energetic materials, laser ignition technology is much safer, controllable and efficient in comparison with conventional ignition methods, and is widely used in various sophisticated weapon systems. It is important to study the laser ignition of high nitro-amine explosives. The research progress of laser ignition of nitro-amine explosives in recent 30 years is analyzed from three aspects: laser ignition mechanism, ignition model and doping photosensitive materials. It is concluded that: Laser dissociation of nitro-amine explosives occurs through the weakest N-NO2 bond broken down and the ring opened;then secondary reactions occur after dissociation into small fragments or neutral particles. The interaction between nitrosamine explosives and the laser beam has a strong absorption wavelength and a weak absorption wavelength, following the Beer-Lambert Law, and the weak absorption wavelength laser is more likely to cause the formation of hot spots at the dynamite crystal defect. The factors affecting the laser ignition action mainly include the composition of explosives and the crystal defects and particle size, laser wavelength and laser power density, laser ignition environment factors, etc. Transient development of the entire combustion region must be taken into account in establishing a mathematical model of laser ignition, including the gas and condensed phases;Doped photosensitive materials such as carbon black, metal nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes can reduce the laser ignition threshold and ignition delay time of nitro-amine explosives.