中国餐厨垃圾管理政策发展述评

Review on Restaurant and Household Kitchen Food Waste Management Policy in China

本文对1999~2019年国家颁布的30份和各省市区发布的408份有关餐厨垃圾管理政策文件进行了综合分析。国家从2000年开始发布有关餐厨垃圾管理政策,2010年为转折点启动餐厨垃圾治理,频繁出台了一系列政策,已初步形成了餐厨垃圾管理和处理的政策体系。各地区和省市区发布的管理政策文件数与餐饮垃圾资源量和分布密度呈正相关关系。全国共有10个省份和102个地级市制定了餐厨垃圾管理办法或条例,但国家层面法规制定尚是空白。国家制定了“十二五”和“十三五”相应的规划,启动了餐厨垃圾资源化利用和无害化处理试点城市项目。积极推动了设区城市餐厨垃圾的分类收运和处理,加强了城市餐厨垃圾管理制度化建设。但是,餐厨垃圾处理实施进度仍然很缓慢,低于市场预期,管理问题依然严峻。建议国家要加强统筹管理,各省市区要制定因地制宜的餐厨垃圾综合利用规划,总结当前政策实施现状和存在问题,制定更合理有效的管理政策,促进研发和推广适宜的餐厨垃圾资源化利用技术。

The paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the 30 national level and 408 provincial and prefecture level restaurant and household kitchen food waste management policies issued in 1999~2019. China started to issue restaurant and household kitchen food waste management policies in 2000, with the year of 2010 as the turning point for strengthening management of food waste, with frequent issuing of a series of policies, forming a preliminary policy framework. In re-gions and provinces of China, the number of policy documents positively correlates with the amount of restaurant food waste resources and also its density. Today, restaurant and household kitchen food waste management regulations have been completed in 10 provinces and 102 prefecture level cities, but still missing at national level. The state developed the twelfth and thirteenth five-year plans for urban household waste treatment containing a component of establishing restaurant and household kitchen food waste treatment plants, and also implemented a pilot city project for food waste treatment. The pilot city project actively promoted the collection, transportation, and treatment of urban food waste in districts, and strengthened the institutionalization of urban food waste management. However, implementation of both policy projects was far behind the schedule, making food waste treatment still a challenging job. Based on the above analysis, the paper recommends that the state should take a coordinated effort in restaurant and household kitchen food waste management, and the provinces should develop locally specific food waste comprehensive utilization plans, identify current status and problems in food waste management policy implementation, develop more effective policies, strengthen R&D and adopt appropriate utilization technologies.