汉语列举标记“的”和“什么的”的句法特点考察

A Study on the Syntactic Characteristics of Chinese Enumerative Marks “de” and “shen me de”

列举是说明某种概念外延时常用的方法。本文首先对目前学界有关列举标记的研究成果进行了梳理,然后基于语料库,本文从性质、句法功能、列举项句法及语义特点三个方面对“的”和“什么的”的特点进行考察。本文认为“的”和“什么的”是后项列举标记,作为列举助词表“列举未尽”义。但它们的句法特点存在差异:“什么的”的列举项可以是单项、两项、多项;“的”的列举项不可以是单项;一些四字格结构词语后只能用“的”,不能用列举标记“什么的”。另外,本文还考察了“的”和“什么的”与其他列举标记的共现情况,两者与其他标记的共现基本呈互补分布态势。

Enumeration is a method often used to explain the extension of a certain concept. This paper summarizes the current research on enumerating markers. Based on the corpus analysis, this paper investigates the syntactic characteristics of “de” and “shen me de” from three aspects: nature, syntactic function, syntactic and semantic features of enumerating items. This paper considers that “de” and “shen me de” are nested enumeration mark, as enumeration auxiliary words, indicating incomplete meaning. But there are differences in their syntactic characteristics: the enumerative items of “shen me de” can be single item, two items or many items;the enumeration of “de” cannot be single item;some four-character constructions can only be followed by “de”, not “shen me de”. In addition, the co-occurrence of “de” and “shen me de” with other enumeration markers is examined. The co-occurrence of “de” and “shen me de” with other enumerating markers is basically complementary.