日语领属结构及其语法化研究

A Study of Japanese Possessive Constructions and Its Grammaticalization

日语领属结构不仅具有跨语言的共性还具有其独特的个性。本文旨在研究日语领属结构的特征,包括名词性领属结构和谓词性领属结构。在名词性领属结构中领有者居于被领有者前,且属于附从标记类型。领有标记の/-no/跟随领有者,标记领属关系和方位关系。谓词性领属结构有三种类型:方位领属、话题领属和领有领属。在方位领属和话题领属中,谓语动词是不及物动词ある/-aɹɯ/和いる/-iɹɯ/“在,存在”。在领有领属中,谓语动词是及物动词持つ/-motsɯ/“拥有”。从日语发展历史上看,存在动词ある/-aɹɯ/和いる/-iɹɯ/与体形式てある/-tʰeaɹɯ/和ている/-tʰeiɹɯ/有关联:体形式中的ある/-aɹɯ/和いる/-iɹɯ/的存在意义逐渐减弱并最终成为助动词而存在。究其原因,一是人类认知能力的变化,二是受显著性差异的影响。Possessive constructions in Japanese not only exhibit cross-linguistic commonality but also display unique characteristics. This study aims to investigate the features of possessive constructions in Japanese, including attributive possession and predicative possession. The features of attributive possession in Japanese involve the possessor preceding the possessed, adhering to a dependent-marking structure. The genitive marker の /-no/ follows the possessor, establishing not only a possessive relationship but also constructing an orientation relationship. Predicative possession in Japanese falls into three types: locational possessive, topic possessive, and have-possessive. In locational possessive and topic possessive constructions, the predicates are intransitive verbs ある /-aɹɯ/ and いる /-iɹɯ/, respectively. In have-possessive constructions, the predicate is the transitive verb 持つ /-motsɯ/, meaning “to own”. Existential verbs ある /-aɹɯ/ and いる /-iɹɯ/ in predicative possession are related to aspect forms てある /-tʰeaɹɯ/ and ている /-tʰeiɹɯ/. As the existential meaning of ある /-aɹɯ/ and いる /-iɹɯ/ gradually weakens, these two verbs ultimately function as auxiliary verbs for aspect forms てある /-tʰeaɹɯ/ and ている /-tʰeiɹɯ/. There are two reasons for this, one is the change in human cognitive ability, the other is the influence of significance difference.