锂金属负极保护的研究进展

Research Progress of Lithium Metal Anode Protection

随着先进的便携式电子产品、电动汽车、电网储能系统和航天等技术的飞速发展,传统锂离子电池的内在局限性限制了它们在未来巨大能源需求面前的进一步应用。金属锂因其具有高的比容量(3861 mA∙h∙g–1)、最低的电化学势(–3.04 V相对于标准氢电极)和较小的密度(0.534 g∙cm–3),一直被认为是用于下一代高比能可充电池负极材料中的“圣杯”。但是金属锂负极所存在的固有问题几十年来一直阻碍着它的实际应用,主要包括锂枝晶的形成穿刺隔膜所引起的短路,循环过程中无限的体积变化带来的断路现象,以及不稳定的固态电解质界面膜(SEI)造成的性能衰减、效率低下等问题。更严重的是,这些问题在电池实际工作过程中会相互交织影响,导致锂金属电池性能进一步恶化。而以上问题与锂金属负极界面息息相关,基于此,本文对锂金属负极保护设计及研究进展进行了详细的概述。

With the rapid development ofadvanced portable electronic products, electric vehicles, power grid energystorage systems and aerospace technology, the inherent limitations oftraditional lithium ion battery limit their further application in the face ofhuge energy demand in the future. Metallic lithium has always been consideredas the “Holy Grail” anode material for the high-spe- cific-energy rechargeablebattery due to the high specific capacity (3861 mA∙h∙g−1), thelowest electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode),and the lower density (0.534 g∙cm−3). Unfortunately, the inherentproblems of lithium metal anodes restraint their practical application fordecades, mainly including short circuits caused by the formation of lithiumdendrites, open circuits caused by infinite volume changes during cycling, andunstable solid- electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer resulting in performancedegradation and low efficiency. More seriously, in the actual working processof the battery, these problems, which are closely related with lithium metalanode interfaces, will interweave and affect each other, resulting in furtherdeterioration of the performance of battery. Herein, the design and researchprogress of lithium metal anode protection are summarized in detail in thispaper.