从数据分析浅谈中国护理教育的发展与问题

Discussion of the Development and Problems of Nursing Education in China: A Data Analysis

目的:随着护理人员越来越受到重视,护理教育事业的发展和存在的问题逐渐受到关注。本文通过描述中国大陆护理教育的发展状况,分析相关问题,并提出相应的意见。方法:通过分析2012~2018年中国大陆护理教育项目的规模和构成,总结护理人员从2012年到2018年的规模变化情况,回顾性数据分析并进行描述性研究,对目前的护理教育进行解读。结果:分析可见护理教育初期规模较大,发展迅速。在2012年,总招聘数目有515,710人。其中学历分布为:学生39,747人(占7.71%),高级文凭学生143,726人(占27.87%),中等专业学历人数332,237人(占64.42%)。可见中国从事护理专业的人员数据急剧增长,自2012年以来,每年约增加12万至28.6万名护士。尽管如此,护士短缺的情况仍然存在(每1000人中只有2.05名护士),并且发展较为不均:以2014年一年为例,西部地区每千人口中,总招生人数较(0.51)中部(0.40)地区比东部地区(0.28)多,而每千人口中的护理专业人数则相反(西、中、东部地区每千人口中分别有1.71,1.75和2.02名护士)。结论:我国护理教育虽然发展较为迅速,但有些问题值得关注。我们建议通过增加高级文凭和学士学位来提高初级护理教育水平,确保教育质量。采取多种策略,切实提高护理职业的社会地位和威信,缓解护士短缺问题。

Purpose: As the nursing staff as well as the development of nursing education and the existing problems are getting more and more attention, we describe the development of nursing education in China's Mainland, analyze the relevant issues, and put forward corresponding opinions. Methods: By analyzing the scale and composition of nursing education programs in China's Mainland from 2012 to 2018, we summarize the changes of scale of nurses from 2012 to 2018, analyze the retrospective data and descriptive study to interpret the current nursing education. Results: Analysis shows that nursing education is in an early large-scale, rapid development. In 2010, the total number of hires was 515,710. Among them, there were 39,747 students (7.71%), 143,726 (27.87%) with advanced diploma, and 332,237 (64.42%) with secondary professional qualifications. It can be seen that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of personnel engaged in nursing in China, which has increased by 120,000 to 286,000 nurses each year since 2012. In spite of this, there is still a shortage of nurses (only 2.05 nurses per 1,000 population) and the development is uneven: taking the 2014 year for example, the total number of enrolled students per 1000 population in the western region was 0.51, which were more than the central region (0.40) and the eastern (0.28), while the number of nursing professionals per 1,000 population was the opposite (1.71, 1.75 and 2.02 nurses per 1,000 population in the western, central and eastern regions, respectively). Conclusion: Although the development of nursing education in our country is relatively rapid, some issues still deserve attention. We recommend improving the quality of primary education by adding advanced diplomas and bachelor’s degrees. To ease the shortage of nurses, we should adopt a variety of strategies to effectively improve the social status and prestige of nurses may help.