论张謇对桐城派的继承与超越

On Zhang Jian’s Inheritance and Transcendence of Tongcheng School

晚清状元张謇与桐城派关系颇深:青年张謇拜师海门训导赵彭渊改学桐城派古文,身陷囹圄时又受桐城孙云锦解救,江宁求学投身曾国藩弟子张裕钊门下,从风发荣于淮军吴长庆幕中。后起张謇仰慕中兴桐城派的曾国藩,尤“敬湘诸先哲之志业”,曾氏之学也奠定了张謇开拓务实的思想基础与“雄奇文风”,深刻影响了他在庆军军幕、帝后党争以及实业救国运动中的作为。鼎元后张謇接任江宁文正书院山长,承袭曾、张,囊括西学,掀起清末新学之肇端。作为曾国藩的再传弟子,张謇继承了清季桐城派的经世思想并力求“祈通中西”,开启了由传统封建士大夫向民族资产阶级的蜕变。Zhang Jian had a deep relationship with the Tongcheng School: Young Zhang Jian followed Zhao Pengyuan to study the ancient literature of the Tongcheng School. When he was in a difficult situation, he was rescued by Sun Yunjin. Zhang Jian also studied under Zhang Yuzhao, a disciple of Zeng Guofan, in Jiangning and grew up in the Wu Changqing Curtain of the Huai Army. Zhang Jian admired Zeng Guofan, who revived the Tongcheng School. The study of the Zeng also laid the foundation for Zhang Jian’s pioneering and pragmatic thinking and “magnificent literary style”, which deeply influenced his actions in the party struggle between the emperor and the empress, as well as in the industrial salvation movement. Later, Zhang Jian took over as the head of the Wenzheng Academy in Jiangning, sparking the beginning of new learning in the late Qing Dynasty. As a descendant of Zeng Guofan, Zhang Jian inherited the Confucian ideology of the Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty and strived to “connect China and the West”, initiating a transformation from traditional feudal literati to the national bourgeoisie.