论被害人动机错误下的承诺有效性

Validity of Commitment under the Victim’s Wrong Motive

由于被害人承诺是被害人就个人自治的法益概念而做出的选择,因而有效的被害人承诺能够排除行为人犯罪的成立。本文从被害人自治这一角度来考察动机错误下的承诺有效性,先对被害人承诺出罪原理进行论述,提出基于自治的法益利用说更具合理性,再从全面无效说的立场对动机错误下的承诺有效性进行辨析。具体来说,将动机错误主要区分为两种情形:其一是被害人自己原因产生动机错误而做出承诺,此时若该错误是被害人对自身权利领域内的内容进行承诺则该承诺因未损害其自治而有效,可以阻却犯罪成立,反之则无效,不阻却犯罪成立;其二是被害人由于行为人的欺骗等作为或不作为方式对根本性动机产生错误认识而做出承诺,则该承诺会因侵害被害人自主决定权而无效。

Because the victim’s promise is the choice made by the victim on the concept of legal interest of personal autonomy, an effective victim’s promise can exclude the establishment of the perpetrator’s crime. This article examines the validity of promises under motive errors from the perspective of victim autonomy. First, it discusses the principle of guilty of the victim’s promises and proposes that the theory of the use of legal benefits based on autonomy is more reasonable, then it analyzes the validity of the promise under the wrong motivation from the standpoint of the theory of total inva-lidity. Specifically, the motivation error is mainly divided into two situations: One is that the victim made a promise due to a wrong motive. At this time, if the error is a promise made by the victim to the content of his own rights, the promise is valid because it does not damage his autonomy and can prevent the establishment of a crime, otherwise, it is invalid, and the crime is not prevented;the second situation is that the victim made a promise because of the perpetrator’s deceptive actions or omissions and misunderstanding of the fundamental motive, the promise will be invalid due to the violation of the victim’s right to make decisions.