商事外观主义中真实权利人的可归责性问题——从实务角度分析

The Question of the Real Obligee’s Imputation Liability in Commercial Rechtss-cheintheorie—From the Perspective of Practical Affairs

商事外观主义是商事案件中普遍适用的规则原则,在适用商事外观主义时,我们让外观法律事实真实地生效,以保护外观信赖人的利益。此种的代价就是让真实权利人承担外观法律事实生效的后果,这是对真实权利人的不利益的后果,由此涉及了商事外观主义中真实权利人的可归责性问题。本文从司法实务角度进行了分析,各法院对该问题是否考虑、从何种角度考虑并不统一,民商混用的情况也十分普遍。又从学理的角度出发,梳理了关于商事外观主义中真实权利人的可归责性问题的学说理论。最后将司法实务与学说理论相结合,考虑审理效率和商事交易的特点,只有真实权利人对外观事实有影响时才考虑可归责性问题,考察外观事实的形成是否落入真实权利人的风险承担范围内,同时关注商法的特殊性,合理地适用商事外观主义。

Commercial rechtsscheintheorie is widely used in commercial cases. When we use it, we make exte-rior legal facts effective, in order to protect the interest of the appearance relier. This costs the real obligee bearing the consequences of the appearance legal facts come into force, which means that the obligee accepts an unfavorable result. Therefore, there is a question of the real obligee’s imputation liability. Firstly, the paper analyses judicial instances, identifies problems that whether and from what angle the courts consider is inconsistent. Moreover, it is generally found the mixed use of the commercial rechtsscheintheorie in civil and commercial cases. Next, the paper introduced the theory of the imputability of the real obligee in commercial externalism from a theoretical point of view. Finally, the paper combined both sides, considered efficiency and the characteristics of the commercial trade, and draw the following conclusions: The question of the real obligee’s imputation liability should be considered only when the obligee has an influence on the appearance legal facts. The judge should examine whether the appearance fact is formed within the scope of risk taking of the real obligee. Meanwhile, the judge should pay attention to the particularity of commercial trade and reasonably apply commercial rechtsscheintheorie.