隔代探望权制度研究

Research on the System of Intergenerational Visitation Rights

探望权制度的正式确立始于2001年《婚姻法》,这一制度也为父母婚姻关系破裂后亲子关系的融合和保障未成年人身心健康有极大促进作用。但《婚姻法》中规定探望权只能由父母主张,(外)祖父母却被排除在外。从司法实务来看,近些年随着我国社会的发展以及离婚率的升高,法院也处理了更多(外)祖父母隔代探望权的纠纷,虽然2019年《民法典婚姻家庭编(草案二次审议稿)》中有提及“隔代探望权”的内容,但由于学界对此问题看法不统一,最终《民法典》婚姻家庭编中没有采纳该提议,也未对隔代探望权作出实质规定。在这种情况下,法院根据现有法律以及公序良俗判案可能会导致结果参差不齐,这样不仅不利于老年人的权益保障,而且可能会导致未成年人身心健康无法得到完整保护。因此,本文通过结合审判实践,对当前隔代探望权案件中体现的问题和经验进行总结,对建立隔代探望权制度提供切实可行的建议。

The formal establishment of the visitation right system began with the Marriage Law in 2001. This system also plays a great role in promoting the integration of parent-child relationship and safe-guarding the physical and mental health of minors after the breakdown of their marriage relationship. But the Marriage Law states that visitation rights can only be claimed by parents, grandparents are excluded. In terms of judicial practice, in recent years, with the development of our society and the increase of the divorce rate, the courts have also dealt with more disputes concerning the intergenerational visitation right of grandparents. Although there is a reference to the “intergenerational visitation right” in the 2019 Civil Code Marriage and Family Code (second draft), views on this issue are not unified in academia. In the end, the proposal was not adopted in the Marriage and Family section of the Civil Code, and no substantive provisions were made on the right of intergenerational visitation. Under such circumstances, the court’s judgment in accordance with existing laws and good public order may lead to uneven results, which is not only detrimental to the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly, but may also lead to the incomplete protection of the physical and mental health of minors. Therefore, by combining the trial practice, this paper summarizes the problems and experiences that reflected in the current cases of intergenerational visit-ation right, and provides practical suggestions for the establishment of intergenerational visitation right system.