发展中国家的监察制度对我国监察委员会制度建设的启示

The Enlightenment of the Supervision Systems in Developing Countries to the Construction of the Chinese Supervisory Commission System

《中华人民共和国监察法》的颁布,标志着具有中国特色的监察委员会制度的出台。相比于发达国家的“模范型”监察专员,我国监察委员会与发展中国家的监察专员在功能目标和制度环境方面具有更多的共性,体现为监察机构拥有更复合的权力和更强的灵活性以应对人权保障、环境保护、腐败治理等迫切的社会转型任务。发展中国家对监察专员制度的继受经验启示我们,监察权的制度化不仅要因地制宜、适合本土化的社会治理需求,也要符合国家权力分工的基本原则。尤其要加强对监察权的司法监督,畅通监察申诉渠道,细化对“职务违法”行为的监察管辖规定,使廉政、善政、勤政原则变成可以操作的法律规则。

The promulgation of the Supervision Law marks the introduction of the supervisory commission system with Chinese characteristics. Compared with the “model” ombudsmen in developed countries, the supervisory commissions in our country have more commonalities with the ombudsmen in developing countries in terms of functional goals and institutional environment, which are reflected in the fact that supervisory agencies have more composite powers and greater flexibility to deal with urgent social transition tasks such as human rights protection, environmental protection, and corruption governance. The experiences of transplanting the ombudsman system in developing countries demonstrate that the institutionalization of supervisory power must not only adapt to local conditions and meet the indigenous needs of social governance, but also conform to the basic principle of the division of powers. This requires us to enhance the judicial review of the supervisory power, open channels for complaints, and clarify the jurisdiction of “duty-related violations”, so as to turn the principles of clean governance, good governance and diligent governance into operational legal rules.