意定监护的实践检视与制度完善——基于183例公证样本与22份民事裁判的实证研究

Practice Inspection and System Improvement of Voluntary Guardianship—Analysis Based on 183 Notarization Samples and 22 Judgment Documents

党的二十大报告中将“积极应对人口老龄化”上升为国家战略,指出“优化孤寡老人服务,推动实现全体老年人享有基本养老服务”。运用案例分析和实地访谈等调研方法,着重考察了意定监护公证办理人群特征、办理原因、公众普及情况及办理效果评估。结合对比裁判文书网现仅有的22篇民事裁判,分析得出意定监护制度在二三线城市普及状况较差,整体实践存在监督机制难以发挥实效、制度本身普及程度不高、行为能力判断标准不明确等问题。本文系统梳理2012年意定监护入法以来全国范围的裁判文书及发展脉络,总结创新意定监护实践经验。通过规范公证路径、优化裁判思路,以期普及意定监护、完善配套制度,达到社会养老的实际效果。

The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China elevated actively addressing population aging as a national strategy, pointing out that we should optimize services for older singletons and ensure all the elderly to enjoy eldercare service. Using case analysis, field interview and other research methods, the paper focuses on the characteristics of the people who handle notarization, the reasons, mass distribution and effect evaluation. Combined with the only 22 civil judgments on China Judgments online, it is concluded that voluntary guardianship is not widely available in second and third class city. And there are some problems in practice: for example, the supervision mechanism has no actual effect, the system itself has not been popularized and the criteria of behavior capacity are not clear. After systematically sorting out the judgement documents and the whole evolution, this paper sums up new experience from practice. Standardizing the notarization mode and optimizing the judgment approach are capable of popularizing the customized guardianship system, improving supporting systems and eventually achieving society-based elderly care.