商业数据权利界定的路径与反思

The Path and Reflection on the Definition of Business Data Rights

21世纪,数字经济的蓬勃发展深刻改变着数字产业模式和社会治理方式,商业数据已然成为蕴含巨大价值的新型生产要素,但随之而来的是商业数据的权益保护不明等问题,基于劳动价值添附理论和功利效率理论可以论证商业数据具有获得法律保障的正当性和合理性。从新型财产权维度分析,商业数据财产权不能为商业数据提供周全的保障体系,过度强调商业数据的专有性会浪费巨大的制度成本,建构数据财产权时机尚不成熟。商业数据具有无形性、价值性和秘密性,这与知识产权客体特性高度相似,故从知识产权维度创设“商业数据权”是兼顾权益平衡和制度成本的最佳选择,分级数据保护机制和强制许可制度可以避免商业数据的滥用,最终达到推动现代化产业创新水平,增进社会福祉的目标。

In the 21st century, the vigorous development of digital economy has profoundly changed the mode of digital industry and the way of social governance. Commercial data has become a new production factor with great value, but it is followed by problems such as unclear protection of rights and interests of commercial data. Based on the theory of labor value addition and the theory of utilitarian efficiency, it can be demonstrated that commercial data has the legitimacy and rationality of obtaining legal protection. From the perspective of new property rights, the property rights of commercial data cannot provide a comprehensive protection system for commercial data, and excessive emphasis on the exclusivity of commercial data will waste huge institutional costs, and the time to construct data property rights is not yet mature. Commercial data is intangible, valuable and secret, which is highly similar to the object characteristics of intellectual property. Therefore, the creation of “commercial data right” from the dimension of intellectual property is the best choice to balance the rights and interests and institutional costs. Hierarchical data protection mechanism and compulsory licensing system can avoid the abuse of commercial data and ultimately promote the level of modern industrial innovation and the goal of enhancing the well-being of society.