视频二次创作合理使用边界的认定

Determining the Boundaries of Fair Use for Secondary Creation of Video

互联网与自媒体时代所倡导的数据自由的理论及内在后现代主义特征推动视频二次创作产业蓬勃发展,创造出分散式作品创作与传播格局,扩大了作者群体范围。但在视频二次创作过程中以不同形式使用原创作品行为的合法性存在争议,使得二次创作作品具有较高的侵权风险。由于视频二次创作行为产业化超越了“用户创造内容”范畴,加之视频中不可避免的引用受专有权保护的原创作品内容,使得原创作品作者主张引用行为使其合法利益遭受“不合理”损失,因此导致其无法纳入我国合理使用范畴。一方面,文化创新需要著作权法赋予专有权作为保护与激励机制,同时亦需要合理使用制度避免公共领域私权化,为创新提供开放式的原始数据库。因此在因技术保护措施引进与专有权种类增加而不断扩大的专有权范围背景下,有必要扩张合理使用对视频二次创作的容纳范围,确保去中心化的信息生产方式,提高信息传播效率,避免信息垄断,从视频二次创作所产生效果和引用内容两方面重新划定该领域中合理使用范围的边界。

The theories of data freedom and the inherent postmodernist characteristics advocated by the Internet and the age of self-media have contributed to the flourishing of the video secondary creation industry, creating a decentralised pattern of creation and dissemination of works and expanding the scope of authorship. However, the legality of using original works in different forms in the process of secondary video creation is controversial, making secondary creative works at a higher risk of infringement. As the industrialisation of secondary video creation goes beyond “user-created content”;the extent to which secondary creators quote the content of the original work is “inappropriate”;and the author of the original work can prove that the quotation caused “unreasonable” damage to him or her. The author of the original work has to prove that the quotation caused “unreasonable” damage to him, which makes it impossible to include the act of use in the scope of fair use in China. Copyright law stimulates innovation by granting authors exclusive rights;at the same time, the fair use regime is an important means of limiting authors’ exclusive rights and avoiding the privatisation of the public domain. Therefore, in the context of the expanding scope of exclusive rights due to the introduction of technological protection measures and the increase in the number of types of exclusive rights, it is necessary to expand the scope of fair use to accommodate secondary creation of videos, to ensure a decentralised way of producing information, to improve the efficiency of information dissemination and to avoid monopolisation of information, and to redefine the boundaries of the scope of fair use in this field in terms of both the effects produced by secondary creation of videos and the content quoted.