第三人代为履行制度构成要件研究

Research on the Constitutive Elements of the Third Party Repayment System

《民法典》第524条规定了第三人代履行制度,为实践处理第三人代履行案件提供了法律依据。不过,第524条仅给出了基本规则,故不足以完善解决第三人代履行涉及的多方面的问题。对此,可以尝试结合《民法典》、《合同编通则解释》中相关规定作出体系化解读,以期为该制度涉及的重要问题提供妥当的解决方案。在制度适用中当务之急是明确各构成要件的内涵,从债务人不履行债务、第三人的范围、合法利益的理解、债依性质不得代为履行以及第三人的意思表示这五个角度具体分析制度设计存在的不足,结合司法实务中存在的法律关系认定以及第三人权利保障问题,需要完善第三人代为履行制度相关立法,使制度规定系统化,明确意思表示效力认定规则以及第三人代为履行制度与相似制度的区分规则,完善与第三人权利保障相关的裁判规则,使该制度在司法实践领域发挥其应有的作用。

Article 524 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China provides for the system of third party repayment, which provides a legal basis for handling third-party substitute performance cases in practice. However, Article 524 only gives the basic rules, so it is not sufficient to solve the various problems involved in third-party repayment. In this regard, an attempt can be made to systematically interpret the relevant provisions in the Civil Code and the Interpretation of the General Rules of Contracts, with a view to providing appropriate solutions to the important issues involved in the system. In the application of the system, it is imperative to clarify the connotation of each constituent element. From the five perspectives of the debtor’s non-performance of the debt, the scope of the third party, the understanding of the legitimate interests, the nature of the debt that cannot be replaced by performance, and the third party’s declaration of will, the shortcomings of the system design are analyzed in detail. Combined with the identification of legal relations in judicial practice and the protection of the rights of the third party, it is necessary to improve the relevant legislation of the third party’s payment system, systematize the system provisions, clarify the rules for the determination of the effectiveness of the declaration of will and the distinction between the third party’s payment system and similar systems, and improve the referee rules related to the protection of the rights of the third party, making the system play its due role in the field of judicial practice.