中西方古代奴隶制时期教育教学方法的历史演变初探

Historical Evolution of Education and Teaching Methods in Ancient Sino-Western Slavery

私有制的出现将人与自然之间的斗争逐渐转为人与人之间的剥削与被剥削,原始社会开始解体,奴隶社会产生。奴隶的出现源于原始社会时期部落之间的频繁斗争,即失败方的俘虏成为战胜方最早的奴隶。战胜方的少部分领袖人物成为奴隶主,拥有大批奴隶,可以任行处置,阶级压迫逐渐加深。大批的奴隶成为重要的劳动力,在生产活动中进行分工合作,提高了生产效率。生产效率的提高带来了剩余产品的出现,奴隶主贵族开始从劳动生产活动中脱离出来,成为较早的脑力劳动者。原始时期教育的全民性开始弱化消失,奴隶主贵族成为少数接受教育的人群,以维护统治阶级利益为教育目的,以维持统治相关的军事训练、道德教化等为主要学习内容。奴隶社会教育教育方法的特点之一是教与学未完全分开,教师的教授与学生的学习的方法统一在一起。

The emergence of private ownership gradually transformed the struggle between man and nature into exploitation and exploitation between people. The primitive society began to disintegrate and the slave society emerged. The emergence of slaves stemmed from the frequent struggle between the tribes in the primitive society, that is, the captives of the defeated parties became the earliest slaves of the victors. A small number of leaders of the victorious party became slave owners, with a large number of slaves, who could be disposed and the class oppression gradually deepened. A large number of slaves have become important laborers, and they have divided their work and cooperation in production activities, which has improved production efficiency. The increase in production efficiency brought about the emergence of surplus products, and the slave owners and nobles began to separate from the labor production activities and became the early mental workers. In the primitive period, the nationality of education began to weaken and disappeared. The slave aristocrats became the minority to receive education. The purpose of maintaining the interests of the ruling class was to educate the military, and the military training and moral education related to the rule were the main learning content. One of the characteristics of the education and education methods of slave society is that teaching and learning are not completely separated, and teachers’ teaching methods are unified with students’ learning methods.