γδ T细胞的生物学特征及在抗肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

Research Progress of Biological Characteristics and Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy of γδ T Cells

本综述的目的是为了充分认识和理解γδ T细胞在肿瘤微环境中的作用机制以及在肿瘤免疫治疗中的临床研究意义。γδ T细胞是构成MHC非限制性的先天性T细胞群体,在先天免疫和适应性免疫之间架起桥梁,在抗肿瘤免疫反应中发挥作用。γδ T细胞可以分泌大量的细胞因子,对多种癌细胞发挥细胞毒性。γδ T细胞在肿瘤的免疫监视作用中表现突出,已经成为癌症免疫治疗非常有吸引力的效应细胞。γδ T细胞主要通过分泌促凋亡分子和炎性细胞因子或通过TCR依赖性途径介导抗肿瘤治疗。近些年,γδ T细胞的临床研究数据表明,γδ T细胞免疫治疗具有良好的耐受性和有效性。但是,γδ T细胞在免疫治疗研究中仍存在着一些不足,甚至还发现其有促肿瘤的免疫抑制作用。γδ T细胞的未来研究应集中在体外扩增方法的稳定性改善方面,同时,需要更多的研究来探索γδ T细胞在促进或阻止肿瘤生长之间的平衡,以及在肿瘤微环境中所发挥的作用。

The purpose of this review is to fully understand the role of γδ T cells in the microenvironment of tumor and its clinical significance in tumor immunotherapy. γδ T cells are MHC non-restrictive congenital T cell population and important effector cells, which play a role in anti-tumor immune response by building bridges between innate and adaptive immunity. γδ T cells can secrete a large number of cytokines and exert cytotoxicity to a variety of cancer cells. γδ T cells are prominent in the immune surveillance of tumors and have become very attractive effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. γδ T cells mediate antitumor therapy mainly by secreting pro-apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines or through TCR dependent pathways. Some clinical data of γδ T cell therapy clinical trials in recent years show that γδ T cell immunotherapy has good tolerance and effectiveness. Although these advantages bring good news to patients, there are still some shortcomings in immunotherapy of γδ T cells, and there are reports of tumor-promoting studies. The future direction of γδ T cell immunotherapy should focus on the stability of γδ T in vitro amplification methods to help stimulate γδ T cells to expand in vitro. At the same time, more researches are needed to explore the role of tumor microenvironment and the balance between γδ T cell pro- and anti-tumor functions.