杜威教育目的论对新时代育人目标启示

Dewey’s Educational Teleology Reveals to the Goal of Educating People in the New Era

杜威提出的教育无目的的理论反对外在强加的、一成不变的、终极的教育目的,认为教育目的是内在的、动态的、具体的。针对传统教育的弊端,教育无目的论进行一系列的批驳。它反对了当时的“教育准备生活说”,认为教育应注重当下生活,校内生活与校外生活应相结合,以丰富育人内容,构建新的德育模式;批判了教师中心的理念,认为传统教育本质上忽略了学生主体性,不能较好地发挥学生的主观能动性,不利于学生创新素养的发展。他在反对传统教育目的的同时提出了“教育无目的论”,主张尊重儿童主体性,要关注儿童生长与学习的直接经验,引导鼓励儿童的自我表达和创造,使其从原有的直接经验中生长出新的知识经验。总之,杜威“教育无目的论”中儿童观具有现代意义,这与平衡社会本位论和个人本位论的观点相结合从而彰显了杜威教育目的的价值取向。时至今日,这种从实用主义经验论和机能心理学出发的教育理论仍对现代育人目标有着极其深远的影响,与新时代育人要求不谋而合。

In the theory of “Education without No Aim”, Dewey opposes the externally imposed, immutable and ultimate educational purpose, and believes that the purpose of education is an internal, dynamic and specific purpose. A series of criticisms were made against the shortcomings of traditional education. Opposing the “educational preparation for life theory” at that time, he believed that education should pay attention to the current life, and in-school life should be combined with off-campus life. Criticizing the teacher center at that time, it ignored the subjectivity of students and could not give full play to the subjective initiative of students. While opposing the traditional purpose of education, he put forward the “purposeless theory of education”, advocating respect for the subjectivity of children, paying attention to the direct experience of children’s growth and learning, guiding and encouraging children’s self-expression and creativity, and enabling them to grow new knowledge and experience from their original direct experience. The concept of children in Dewey’s theory of “Education without No Aim” has modern significance. It balances socialism and personal-ism, and coincides with the requirements for educating people in the new era. To this day, this educational theory from pragmatic empiricism and functional psychology still has an extremely far-reaching influence on the modern goal of parenting, and coincides with the requirements of parenting in the new era.