我国铝电解工业固危废治理现状及技术展望

Present Situation and Technical Prospect of Hazardous Solid Waste Treatment in China’s Aluminum Electrolysis Industry

原铝生产过程中和电解槽周期大修时不可避免地会产生大量阳极炭渣、铝灰以及电解槽大修渣,因其中含有远超国家标准的可溶性氟化物与氰化物而被定义为危险废物。本文针对此数量庞大且持续快速增长的危废进行了基础理论研究与包括湿法火法在内的处理技术现状综述。指出通过湿法处理此类危险固废中存在的一系列问题,并展望了铝电解工业危废的无害化处理及资源化利用方法,火法处理应为未来危废处理主导方向。

A large amount of anode carbon residue, aluminum ash, and electrolytic cell slag are inevitably generated during primary aluminum production, especially when the electrolytic cell liner was replaced periodically, which were defined as hazardous wastes because they contain soluble fluo-ride and cyanide far above the national standards. In this paper, the basic theoretical research and the current status of treatment technologies including wet processing and pyrometallurgical pro-cessing are summarized for this large number of hazardous wastes with sustained and rapid growth. This article points out a series of problems in the treatment of such dangerous solid wastes by wet process. The prospects for harmless treatment and resource utilization of hazardous wastes in the aluminum electrolysis industry are anticipated. Pyrometallurgical treatment should be the dominant direction for hazardous waste treatment in the future.