挠力河保护区退耕湿地大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性研究

Study on the Community Structure and Biodiversity of Macroinvertebrates in Recliamed Wetlands of Naolihe Reserve

为研究挠力河国家级自然保护区的大型底栖动物恢复现状,在退耕湿地和自然湿地分别设置6个采样点于2019年夏季和秋季进行大型底栖动物样本采集,研究结果表明,采集到的大型底栖动物隶属于3门6纲16目35科72种,其中昆虫纲种类最多。对夏季和秋季退耕湿地与自然湿地的优势种进行配对样本t检验,发现差异性均显著(P < 0.05)。夏季的共有优势种为:乌苏里圆田螺(Cipangopaludina ussuriensis)和多足摇蚊属一种(Polypedilum sp.);秋季为多足摇蚊属一种、摇蚊属一种(Chironomus sp.)和划蝽科的(Graptocorixini sp.)。夏季退耕湿地Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Margalef丰富度指数(d)的最高值均出现在样点S6,分别为2.203和3.234;分别低于自然湿地(2.631和4.645)。秋季退耕湿地生物多样性指数H’、d的最高值分别为2.623和4.215,高于自然湿地(1.824, 3.107),夏季自然湿地摄食功能群的种类数及个体数均大于退耕湿地。退耕湿地中,撕食者具有一定的优势。自然湿地捕食者和撕食者均占优势。秋季自然湿地与退耕湿地物种丰富度差异并不明显,仅撕食者在退耕湿地数量多于自然湿地。为了揭示不同调查断面大型底栖动物群落的差异,以各调查断面大型底栖动物的摄食功能群数据构建Bray-Curtis相似矩阵,若以80%的相似性来划分,将夏季退耕湿地和自然湿地共12个调查断面分为三组,聚类分组表明,组内的各断面大型底栖动物群落摄食功能群的相似性较高,其中S2和S4相似性最高,达到90%以上。

In order to explore the recovery of macroinvertebrates in Naolihe National Nature Reserve, 6 sampling sites were set up in reclaimed wetlands and natural wetlands respectively, samples of macroinvertebrates were collected in summer and autumn, 2019. The results of research showed that: The macroinvertebrates collected belonged to 72 species, 35 families, 16 orders, 6 classes, 3 phyla, among which insecta had the most species. Mathched samples t-test was performed on the dominant species between reclaimed wetlands and natural wetlands in summer and autumn, and significant differences were found (P < 0.05). The common dominant species in summer were Cipangopaludina ussuriensis and Polypedilum sp.;and in autumn, were Chironomus sp. and Graptocorixini sp. The maximum values of Shannon-Wiener index (H’) and Margalef index index (d) of reclaimed wetlands all appeared at sampling site S6, were 2.203 and 3.234, respectively, which were lower than those of natural wetlands (2.631 and 4.645). The maximum values of Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef index of reclaimed wetlands were 2.623 and 4.215, respectively, higher than those of natural wetlands (1.824 and 3.107). The number of species and individuals of functional feeding groups in natural wetlands in summer was larger than that in reclaimed wetlands. In reclaimed wetlands, predators have certain advantages. Both predators and shredders were dominant in natural wetlands. There was no significant difference in species richness between natural wetlands and reclaimed wetlands in autumn, only the number of predators in reclaimed wetlands was more than that in natural wetlands. In order to reveal the difference of macroinvertebrates communities in different survey sections, Bray-Curtis similarity matrix was constructed with data of macroinvertebrates functional feeding groups in all survey sections. With 80% similarity as the standard of division, a total of 12 survey sections of summer deserted wetlands and natural wetlands were divided into three groups. Group clustering showed that similari-ties of functional feeding groups in every survey sections were high, among them, sampling site S2 and sampling site S4 had the highest similarities, reaching more than 90%.