试论海洋核污染国际法制度的现状、存在的问题及对策

Current Situation, Existing Problems and Countermeasures of International Law System of Marine Nuclear Pollution

日本政府自10月5日起开始福岛第一核电站污染水的第二轮排放,对海洋生态环境及周边国家的安全构成极大威胁,引起了国际社会的广泛关注。有关核安全管理的现有国际法在应对海洋核污染这一复杂问题方面存在明显不足:法律规范缺少前瞻性、国际公约缺乏强制效力、公约规范限制范围较窄、公约内容重合冲突、国际核安全管理合作方面存在局限等。国际社会应当进行海洋核污染专门立法,加强核安全管理国际公约的强制约束力和普遍适用性,改善对核事故风险管控的监督管理机制,推进国际双边及多边协调合作,促进公约与各国国内法的有效衔接,来建构完善海洋核污染防治制度体系、提升海洋核污染的国际治理能力与水平。

The Japanese government has started the second round of discharge of contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant since October 5, which poses a great threat to the Marine ecological environment and the security of neighboring countries, and has attracted wide attention from the international community. The existing international law on nuclear safety management has obvious shortcomings in addressing the complex issue of Marine nuclear pollution, such as the lack of forward-looking legal norms, the lack of enforcement effect of international conventions, the narrow scope of regulatory restrictions of conventions, overlapping and conflicting contents of conventions, and limitations in international cooperation on nuclear safety management. The international community should enact special legislation on Marine nuclear pollution, strengthen the mandatory binding force and universal applicability of international conventions on nuclear safety management, improve the supervision and management mechanism for the management of nuclear accident risks, promote international bilateral and multilateral coordination and cooperation, and promote the effective convergence of conventions with domestic laws of various countries. To construct and improve the prevention and control system of Marine nuclear pollution, and enhance the international governance capacity and level of Marine nuclear pollution.