摘要
The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.
The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries</span><span style="font-family:"">. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and p</span><span style="font-family:"">eyer’s </span><span style="font-family:"">p</span><span style="font-family:"">atches</span><span style="font-family:""> have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as </span><span style="font-family:"">LPAM-I</span><span style="font-family:"">,</span><span style="font-family:""> MAdCAM-1<b> </b></span><span style="font-family:"">and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel </span><span style="font-family:"">in </span><span style="font-family:"">comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.
作者
Saeed Y. Al Ramadan
Kazem T. Al-Mohammed Salem
Ibrahim H. Alshubaith
Ahmed M. Al-Ali
Salah Abohelaika
Mohammed S. Moqbel
Ahmed M. Alluwaimi
Saeed Y. Al Ramadan;Kazem T. Al-Mohammed Salem;Ibrahim H. Alshubaith;Ahmed M. Al-Ali;Salah Abohelaika;Mohammed S. Moqbel;Ahmed M. Alluwaimi(Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia;Animal Resources Management, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia;Environmental Health Department, Al-Ahsaa Municipality, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia;Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia;Clinical Pharmacology Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia;Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia)