Genetic Diversity and Structure in Japanese Populations of the Osprey (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>), Based on mtDNA

Osprey is a type of bird of prey that lives almost all over the world. In Japan, it is designated as a near-threatened species because it has less than 1000 individuals. In recent years, it inhabits more inland than in coastal areas. In this study, we conducted a population genetic analysis focusing on what kind of genetic structure Japanese Osprey retains and whether there are differences between coastal and inland populations. We also performed genetic diversity assessments. We sequenced about 2.3 kb of mtDNA for 27 individuals in Japan, and phylogenetic analysis, network analysis, neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis were performed. Eighteen haplotypes were detected in 27 individuals, indicating that genetic diversity was sufficiently high. Both unique and common haplotypes were detected between inland and coastal populations, suggesting gene flow between the two populations. Phylogenetic analysis results show no genetic differentiation in the Japanese Osprey population. From the results of network analysis, neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis, it was inferred that the Japanese Osprey had a population expansion in the past. This study indicated that the dispersion of Japanese Osprey was random and there were no restrictions on the breeding area. The information presented here can be used towards implementing future conservation actions.