摘要
A total, 25 different ground-water samples collected in Mundaragi taluk in of Gadag district, Karnataka, India to appraise the distribution of Fluoride. pH of collected groundwater <span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> shown alkaline in nature and ranged between 7.18 and 9.32 with a mean value of 8.36. Fluoride content ranged between 0.86 to 4.63 mg/L in ground water samples, with minimum value 0.86 mg/L (MGK24) and maximum value 4.63 mg/L (MGK20). 48% of samples indicated fluoride content below 1.4 mg/L and 32% samples indicated fluoride content in between 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L. Followed by 8% of the samples showed fluoride content ranges above 3.1. The public from villagers have been used high fluoride-bearing groundwater for drinking prolonged period and suffering from fluorosis. Analytical values also predict that occurrence of minerals like apatite, fluorspar, topaz and mica get</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> processed naturally and releases fluoride into the lithosphere and percolates into ground water. The present study also helps find out a suitable adsorbent for removal of Fluoride in ground water. However, with respect to chemistry of water, the cation and anion balance of all the 25 groundwater samples were inside the recognized limit of ±10%. The fluoride content is maximum in Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-<img src="Edit_04fa233b-aa2a-47ad-a491-39828d59bdd0.png" alt="" /></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type and low in Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-<img src="Edit_0863c8a9-9ac9-4b34-9c5d-e34960b64703.png" alt="" /></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type groundwater in the Mundaragi Taluk. Furthermore, <img src="Edit_31ab98bd-1c46-435f-9325-0b4f0d73898b.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> shown a significant positive correlation with pH, EC, TDS, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, <img src="Edit_9454eb9a-207d-4b7c-bb16-bb4e1624f6df.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and negative correlation with Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <img src="Edit_89cabaf7-b914-4f70-815e-757bd68727d6.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, which shows that the alkaline condition of water is the key role for leachate forming of fluoride-bearing minerals. Gibbs chart shows all groundwater values are fall under dominance of rock weathering group with a tendency towards the evaporation dominance class. Hence, interaction of rock</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">water is the pioneer cause of raised fluoride in the groundwater of the study area. Furthermore, the study showed no such substantial relation present between <img src="Edit_9bdd47b6-2b90-4fc3-982a-f7cad10437e5.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <img src="Edit_3b465de8-b523-4442-9596-832a01940d48.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">these variables are further process to groundwater from different sources, <img src="Edit_1a8b9e4c-542b-4ce4-b843-beed93ce5729.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from geological minerals and <img src="Edit_97584aa6-852e-402a-a84f-4f25c1e21b0d.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from manmade activities</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span>
A total, 25 different ground-water samples collected in Mundaragi taluk in of Gadag district, Karnataka, India to appraise the distribution of Fluoride. pH of collected groundwater <span style="font-family:Verdana;">is</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> shown alkaline in nature and ranged between 7.18 and 9.32 with a mean value of 8.36. Fluoride content ranged between 0.86 to 4.63 mg/L in ground water samples, with minimum value 0.86 mg/L (MGK24) and maximum value 4.63 mg/L (MGK20). 48% of samples indicated fluoride content below 1.4 mg/L and 32% samples indicated fluoride content in between 2.0 and 3.0 mg/L. Followed by 8% of the samples showed fluoride content ranges above 3.1. The public from villagers have been used high fluoride-bearing groundwater for drinking prolonged period and suffering from fluorosis. Analytical values also predict that occurrence of minerals like apatite, fluorspar, topaz and mica get</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> processed naturally and releases fluoride into the lithosphere and percolates into ground water. The present study also helps find out a suitable adsorbent for removal of Fluoride in ground water. However, with respect to chemistry of water, the cation and anion balance of all the 25 groundwater samples were inside the recognized limit of ±10%. The fluoride content is maximum in Na</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+</span></sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-<img src="Edit_04fa233b-aa2a-47ad-a491-39828d59bdd0.png" alt="" /></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type and low in Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-<img src="Edit_0863c8a9-9ac9-4b34-9c5d-e34960b64703.png" alt="" /></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> type groundwater in the Mundaragi Taluk. Furthermore, <img src="Edit_31ab98bd-1c46-435f-9325-0b4f0d73898b.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> shown a significant positive correlation with pH, EC, TDS, Ca</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, <img src="Edit_9454eb9a-207d-4b7c-bb16-bb4e1624f6df.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and negative correlation with Mg</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2+</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <img src="Edit_89cabaf7-b914-4f70-815e-757bd68727d6.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, which shows that the alkaline condition of water is the key role for leachate forming of fluoride-bearing minerals. Gibbs chart shows all groundwater values are fall under dominance of rock weathering group with a tendency towards the evaporation dominance class. Hence, interaction of rock</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">water is the pioneer cause of raised fluoride in the groundwater of the study area. Furthermore, the study showed no such substantial relation present between <img src="Edit_9bdd47b6-2b90-4fc3-982a-f7cad10437e5.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <img src="Edit_3b465de8-b523-4442-9596-832a01940d48.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">these variables are further process to groundwater from different sources, <img src="Edit_1a8b9e4c-542b-4ce4-b843-beed93ce5729.png" alt="" /></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from geological minerals and <img src="Edit_97584aa6-852e-402a-a84f-4f25c1e21b0d.png" alt="" /></span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from manmade activities</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span>
作者
Aswini Arali
K. Lokesh
S. Manjappa
B. Suresh
Aswini Arali;K. Lokesh;S. Manjappa;B. Suresh(Department of Civil Engineering, Tontadarya College of Engineering Gadag, Karnataka, India;Department of Chemistry, University BDT College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka, India;Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India)