摘要
Spatial causal effects on water quality are essential in identification of vulnerable watersheds. Modelling landuse variables is an effective method of projecting localized impairment. This study presents an integrated index, designed to gauge the ability of an 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watershed in its ability to produce clean water. This index, I<sub>APCW</sub>, can be successfully applied on a geospatial platform. In this study we utilized I<sub>APCW</sub> to address forest cover dynamics of an impaired watershed, that is, Missouri Watershed James Sub-region in North Dakota. Specific parametric functions were analysed and combined within a customized GIS interface to provide a multi-faceted structured technique to derive I<sub>APCW</sub>. These included ambient forest cover, housing density, agricultural land, soil erodibility and road density;it can be lucidly ascertained that where a prevailing forest cover undergoes conversion processes, the secondary effect may spur an exponential increase in water treatment costs. These parameters when projected statistically validated temporal and spatial relations of landuse/land cover dynamics to nutrient concentrations especially those that would be noted at the mouth of the watershed. In this study, we found that the levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were much higher for the years 2014 to 2016 with a discernible increased alkalizing effect within the watershed. When I<sub>APCW</sub> was compared to Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AnnAGNPS), the spatial distribution generated by the AnnAGNPS study showed that fallow areas produced significant amounts of sediment loads from the sub-watershed. These same locations in this study generated a low I<sub>APCW</sub>.
Spatial causal effects on water quality are essential in identification of vulnerable watersheds. Modelling landuse variables is an effective method of projecting localized impairment. This study presents an integrated index, designed to gauge the ability of an 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code watershed in its ability to produce clean water. This index, I<sub>APCW</sub>, can be successfully applied on a geospatial platform. In this study we utilized I<sub>APCW</sub> to address forest cover dynamics of an impaired watershed, that is, Missouri Watershed James Sub-region in North Dakota. Specific parametric functions were analysed and combined within a customized GIS interface to provide a multi-faceted structured technique to derive I<sub>APCW</sub>. These included ambient forest cover, housing density, agricultural land, soil erodibility and road density;it can be lucidly ascertained that where a prevailing forest cover undergoes conversion processes, the secondary effect may spur an exponential increase in water treatment costs. These parameters when projected statistically validated temporal and spatial relations of landuse/land cover dynamics to nutrient concentrations especially those that would be noted at the mouth of the watershed. In this study, we found that the levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were much higher for the years 2014 to 2016 with a discernible increased alkalizing effect within the watershed. When I<sub>APCW</sub> was compared to Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source (AnnAGNPS), the spatial distribution generated by the AnnAGNPS study showed that fallow areas produced significant amounts of sediment loads from the sub-watershed. These same locations in this study generated a low I<sub>APCW</sub>.
作者
Papia F. Rozario
Peter Oduor
Larry Kotchman
Michael Kangas
Papia F. Rozario;Peter Oduor;Larry Kotchman;Michael Kangas(Environmental and Conservation Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA;Department of Geosciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA;North Dakota Forest Service, Molberg Forestry Center, Bottineau, ND, USA;North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA)
