性别与领导角色孰先孰後？主管－部属性别配对、共事时间及家长式领导

Sex Role First, Leader Role Second? Sex Combination of Supervisor and Subordinate, Length of Cowork, and Paternalistic Leadership

效身处於男尊女卑、父权主义的华人社会中，女性位居管理者时，常会同时受到「性别角色」以及「管理者角色」两者间双重的角色期待，进而影响主管和部属之间的互动。本研究的目的在探讨男、女主管面对不同性别部属时，其所展现的家长式领导行为的差异情形，以及主管与部属的共事时间在其中扮演的调节角色。本研究是以问卷资料进行各项假设的验证，研究对象为60家台湾企业之中、低阶管理人员以及一般员工，其中，主管与部属的有效对偶资料为510个对偶。进行各项统计分析之後，研究结果显示，男女主管所展现的家长式领导皆没有显着差异；但四种主管与部属的性别配对间，主管所展现的威权领导以及仁慈领导有显着差异存在，至於德行领导则没有差异。而由阶层回归分析结果发现，主管与部属的性别配对与主管所展现的威权领导的关系会受到共事时间的调节，也就是说，四种主管与部属的性别配对间，主管所展现威权领导的差异幅度，会随着主管与部属共事时间的增长而愈加显着。最後，本研究对研究结果作进一步的讨论，并针对研究限制以及未来研究方向做更为详尽地说明。

In the patriarchal Chinese society, the female supervisors usually need to face the dual role expectation: ”sex role” and ”leader role”, which would then influence the interaction between the supervisor and the subordinate. The main purpose of the research is to explore the difference in paternalistic leadership performed by the female and male supervisors when facing the subordinate with different sexes, and to examine the moderating effect of length of cowork on the relationship between sex combinations of subordinate-supervisor and paternalistic leadership. The data were collected by the questionnaire survey on 510 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 60 companies in Taiwan. The result shows that there is no significant difference in paternalistic leadership between the female and male supervisors. However, considering the weight of subordinate's sex, sex combinations of supervisor-subordinate do have the prevailing influence on authoritarianism and benevolent leadership but on moral leadership. Moreover, the effect of sex combinations of supervisor-subordinate on authoritarianism leadership are moderated by the time period that the supervisor worked with the subordinate. Finally, contributions and limitations are also discussed, and suggestions are provided for future studies.