华人组织的家长式领导：一项文化观点的分析

A Cultural Analysis of Paternalistic Leadership in Chinese Organization

家长式领导是华人家族企业极爲普遍的现象，它的特色是在一种人治的色彩下，显现出严明的纪律、父亲般的仁慈与权威、及道德的廉洁性。本文透过文献回顾，找出家长式领导的三类组成要素：威权、仁慈及德行领导，且追溯每一要素的深层文化根源，探索各要素与当代华人企业组织的关联。最後说明了未来主要的研究议题，并提出一个华人组织之家长式领导的初步模型。

Paternalistic leadership, which combines strong discipline and authority with fatherly benevolence and moral integrity couched in a 'personalistic' atmosphere, has been found to be prevalent in overseas Chinese family businesses. After critically reviewing the extant literature, we identify three constituent elements of paternalistic leadership (PL): authoritarianism, benevolence, and moral leadership. Authoritarian leadership refers to leader behaviors that assert absolute authority and control over subordinates and demand unquestionable obedience from subordinates. Benevolent leadership refers to leader behaviors that demonstrate individualized, holistic concerns for subordinates' personal or family well-being. Moral leadership may be depicted as leader behaviors that demonstrate superior personal virtues or qualities that provide legitimacy as well as arouse identification and respect from subordinates for the leader. We trace the deep cultural roots of PL and find that Confucianism, Legalism, China's long tradition of imperial rule, rule of man, and norm of reciprocity are key cultural forces that shape PL in Chinese family businesses. We provide preliminary survey data to show how Chinese employees from Hong Kong, the PRC, and Taiwan view authoritarianism and benevolence exhibited by their leaders. We explore the relevance of PL to organizations in contemporary Chinese societies. We then conclude by identifying key research issues and proposing a preliminary PL model for future studies on leadership in Chinese organizations.